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Music and Preoperative Anxiety: A Randomized, Controlled Study
Abstract
UNLABELLED: Music may decrease the anxiety experienced by patients before surgery. Previous studies of this issue were hindered with multiple methodological problems. In this investigation, we examined this hypothesis while using a rigorous study design and objective outcome measures. Adult patients undergoing anesthesia and surgery were randomly assigned to two study groups. Subjects in Group 1 (n = 48) listened to a 30-min patient-selected music session, and subjects in Group 2 (n = 45) received no intervention. By using self-report validated behavioral (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and physiological measures of anxiety (heart rate, blood pressure, and electrodermal activity and serum cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), patients were evaluated before, during, and after administration of the intervention. We found that after intervention, subjects in the Music group reported significantly lower anxiety levels as compared with the Control group (F(1,91) = 15.4, P = 0.001). That is, the postintervention anxiety level of subjects in the Music group decreased by 16% as compared with the preintervention level, whereas the anxiety level of the Control group did not change significantly. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance performed for the electrodermal activity, blood pressure, heart rate, cortisol, and catecholamine data demonstrated no group difference and no time x group interaction (P = not significant). In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, patients who listened to music before surgery reported lower levels of state anxiety. Physiological outcomes did not differ, however, between the two study groups. IMPLICATIONS: Patients who listen to music of their choice during the preoperative period report less anxiety.
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“Indeed, a decrease in anxiety after listening to music is the most consistent findings reported in field studies with patients [22,37,38]”
From The Effect of Music on the Human Stress Response (2013) · cites this paper as [37]
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MUSIC THERAPY: AN ART BEYOND WORDS
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Pang, C. H., Lam, Y. H. B., Chia, J. L. C., Ng, S. I. F., Wong, S. S., & Tay, P. K. C. (2024) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356241231769 · Cited by 6
Molina, C. J., Lázaro-Alcay, J. J., & Ullán, A. M. (2017) · Enfermería Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.enfcli.2017.08.006 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, S.-M., Kulkarni, L., Dolev, J., & Kain, Z. N.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Shu-Ming
- Venue
- Anesthesia & Analgesia
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1489-1494
- ISSN
- 0003-2999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2041907551
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 19.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Anesthesia & Analgesia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd037007-08)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD 37007-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Pain Management
- Keywords
- music listening, preoperative anxiety, state anxiety, preoperative anxiety reduction, electrodermal activity, heart rate, blood pressure, cortisol, catecholamines, surgical patients, anesthesia
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Ambulatory Surgical Procedures, Anesthesia, Anxiety, Behavior, Blood Pressure, Catecholamines, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Music, Preoperative Care, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Treatment Outcome
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