The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 91 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
“Why Shall Wee Have Peace to Bee Made Slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War
Open accessAbstract
This article is an investigation of the treatment of surrenderers in King Philip’s War (1675–76) in New England, particularly with regard to enslavement. Fear of slavery was a tangible, deep concern for most New England natives involved in the war. Threats of enslavement influenced the involvement of native individuals and groups, driving some into deeper “rebellion” and others to surrender. Each colony had differing policies for surrendering natives, but generally the hundreds of surrenderers received far worse treatment than they expected, facing execution, overseas enslavement, local limited-term enslavement, and forced relocation. Perhaps the most fascinating element of this saga is the degree to which English-allied native leaders worked to influence the treatment of surrenderers, helping them to escape to New York, harboring runaways, and in other ways trying to keep natives out of English households.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This article argues that fear of enslavement—especially being sent to Barbados—was a central force in King Philip’s War, shaping native decisions to fight, surrender, or resist English authority. It shows that Indian surrenderers in New England were often executed, enslaved overseas, subjected to local limited-term servitude, or forcibly relocated, despite promises of mercy.
Key findings
- Fear of overseas enslavement was a tangible and widespread concern. James Quannapaquait reported in early 1676 that young warriors said, “why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves, & either be kild or sent away to sea to Barbadoes”; after the December 1675 Narragansett stronghold raid, younger leaders including Canochet and Panoquin vowed to fight “to the last man, rather than they would come Servants to the English.”
- Surrenderers often received treatment similar to enemy captives. Examples include 160 surrendering Indians taken to Plymouth in July 1675 and promptly sold into slavery, according to some reports; 112 natives, at least eight women and children, sold in mid-August 1675; 57 Indians at Sandwich condemned to “perpetuall servitude”; and 178 Indians taken aboard Captain Sprague for Cadiz, at least 45 of whom were surrenderers.
- Colonial policies varied. Connecticut’s October 1676 law reserved execution or Caribbean sale for those who had killed English colonists, while non-killing surrenderers were to keep their lives, not be sold out of the country as slaves, and serve ten years in English households, with an annual tribute of five shillings per male. Rhode Island used graduated local servitude terms: age 5 and under until 30; 6–10 until 28; 11–15 until 27; 16–20 until 26; 21–30 for eight years; 30 and above for seven years or sale; Newport set nine years.
- English-allied native leaders worked to keep surrenderers out of English households and off slave ships. Uncas sheltered large numbers at Mohegan, encouraged runaways, and frustrated English resettlement; Pabweegannuck temporarily disappeared with ninety surrenderers; Pequot leaders such as Robin Cassasinamon received kindred and “Incomers” as servants. The paper calls these responses the first sustained anti-Indian-slavery protest in the English Atlantic empire.
Methods
- Design: qualitative historical investigation of Indian surrenderers during and after King Philip’s War (1675–1676) in New England, with attention to enslavement, servitude, and forced relocation.
- Sources: colonial correspondence, shipping records, court cases, town records, official histories (e.g., William Hubbard), colonial laws and records, petitions, and other archival documents cited in the notes.
- Analysis: interpretive synthesis of documentary evidence; no formal sample, statistical model, or quantitative analysis is stated in the paper.
Limitations
- The paper states no formal limitations section.
- Evident from the text: the account depends heavily on English colonial records and officials’ reports, so native perspectives are often mediated through English documents; some claims are qualified with “according to some reports,” “likely,” “perhaps,” or “suggests.”
- Evident from the text: records are fragmentary and uneven, and exact totals of surrenderers enslaved locally or overseas are not fully known; the paper uses phrases such as “hundreds, if not thousands” and notes that many surrenderers eluded colonial control.
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Claims the paper makes
74 Sources not found · 38 Own interpretation · 13 Own result · 10 Not checked yet · 8 No basis given · 7 No full text of the sources
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hundreds, if not thousands, of natives turned themselves in to local English governments or English-allied native leaders, hoping to avoid slavery at all costs.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The paper trail of New England natives who were enslaved and sent overseas suggests that they arrived in Barbados, Bermuda, Jamaica, the Azores, Spain, and Tangier, in North Africa, among other places.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] Boston (Mass.) Registry Dept., 1881
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“Even as the war was raging, in March 1676, Connecticut officials decided that Daniel the Pequot should be allowed to keep two captives, an Indian woman and her child, as servants to assist himself and his wife.72”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [72]
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In the paper
“Most colonial governments distinguished—at least in theory—between natives captured in active rebellion and those who voluntarily turned themselves over to local authorities.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Gallay, 2002 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Daniel Gookin reported that natives who allied with King Philip, the Pokanoket sachem, sent “secret messages” to the Christian Indians “that the English designed, in the conclusion, to destroy them all, or send them out of the country for bond slaves.””
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Fear of Enslavement in King Philip’s War
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11] Easton, 1858
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These non-killing surrenderers would be parceled out into local English households to work as servants for ten years.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Perley, 1912
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The Mohegan leader Oweneco was allowed by the Connecticut General Council to keep several of King Philip’s men he had captured, “to dispose of them by sale or otherwayes as he shall find most advantagious to himselfe.”74”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [74]
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In July 1676, Plymouth Colony magistrates set aside some land for the use of surrendering Indians (at least those who the colony had not already sold as slaves).56”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [56]
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In the paper
“Almost a year later, Daniel was also given an Indian woman “of the enemie,” with no stated purpose other than he had requested her.73”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“On September 28, 1675, 178 Indians were taken on board by Captain Sprague for Cadiz, Spain, at least 45 of whom were surrenderers.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Newell, 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A decade later, surrenderers living in Norwich were forced to move to the northern end of the town in January 1687”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Not usually in open rebellion, these Christian natives found themselves subjected to a slightly lesser version of being sold out of the country: forcible relocation.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For Indian surrenderers with no English blood on their hands, Connecticut decided that they “shall have theire lives and shall not be sould out of the Country for slaves.””
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Oberg, 2003
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“During and after the war, Mohegan became a refuge for surrenderers.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but it was not until King Philip’s War that natives were again enslaved in large numbers.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Fear of Enslavement in King Philip’s War
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By the end of 1676, approximately 567 Christianized natives lived in half a dozen locales, including Ipswich and Chelmsford, as well as the praying towns or former praying towns of Natick, Hassanamesit, Magunkog, Marlborough, and Wamesit.61”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
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hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In Connecticut, children of surrenderers were ordered to be placed as servants in English households for ten years, partially “as pledges for their fydelity,” that is, the fidelity of the Indian parents, “after which terme they may be returned to their parents, upon the proofe of the fidelity of both children and parents; otherwise to be forfeited to slavery.””
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to some reports, there were native parents—even non-combatants—who were so distressed by the prospect of their own children being sent overseas as slaves or being forced into slavery and servitude in English households that, rather than allowing their children to be enslaved, they simply killed them, or gave them over to another native to be killed.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
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hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Plymouth gave multiple orders during and after the war that placed surrendered and captured children in English homes as servants and/or apprentices until they reached the age of 24 or 25.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A few months later, in October 1676, Cassasinamon requested and received permission from the Connecticut General Court to receive an additional six “Incomers” (surrenderers) as “servants,” so long as they were not already claimed by any local English colonists.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In August 1676, Connecticut magistrates noted that a large number of “captives and the other Indians that have surrendered themselves to the English” were living at Mohegan under Uncas’s care.62”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
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In the paper
“Similarly, after the English raid on the palisaded Narragansett stronghold in southern Rhode Island in December 1675 (which resulted in as many as 350 captives being taken), the younger Narragansett leaders who survived, including Canochet and Panoquin, vowed that “they would fight it out to the last man, rather than they would come Servants to the English.””
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Fear of Enslavement in King Philip’s War
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Donoghue, 2013 source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By May 1678, approximately twenty-nine men, mostly with their wives and children, had successfully been resettled at Shetucket”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
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hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to local English officials, he stalled and delayed in sending promised surrenderers from Mohegan.65”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65]
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Even the children of Christianized natives—including the children of native men who had served the English in the war—were often removed from their parents and “ordered to be put forth to English service” as servants and slaves.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
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plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“New England colonial records routinely and very matter-of-factly report large and small shipments of Indians being sent to Barbados, Bermuda, and Jamaica or, more generically, “out of the country.””
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Fear of Enslavement in King Philip’s War
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In the paper
“even though local magistrates knew many more surrenderers eluded their control.58”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and were additionally required to pay (or to continue to pay) annually “ten dear skins.”60”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60]
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In the paper
“Connecticut leaders in 1679 tried to get natives settled at Shetucket to invite their Indian friends and kin to settle there as well, so long as they would “be ever under the English goverment [sic] of this colony.”59”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59]
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plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Connecticut authorities recognized that Uncas would not willingly turn them over to the English”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [63]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Given the complications with holding surrenders long term, and the general local prejudice against them, Indians who turned themselves over to colonial authorities were most often simply sold into slavery.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
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In the paper
“Uncas also continually undermined English attempts to successfully resettle Indian surrenderers away from Mohegan lands, at Shetucket.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65]
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plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Children of surrenderers were routinely separated from their parents.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“To punish local surrenderers and captives, Rhode Island adopted a complex and graduated system of local, limited-term enslavement—although they usually referred to it as servitude, perhaps to obey the technical limits of the law.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“he sold the young girl to an enslaved African woman named Ruth for “two trucking cloth Coats, & 5 yards of painted Calico.””
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Such was the case with the Pequot sachem Robin Cassasinamon and Daniel the Pequot who were given permission to receive “two Indians of their kindred” in July 1677 (although with the caveat that if the surrenderers should be found to have committed murders in the war, they would be punished appropriately).70”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [70]
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The daughter of the Niantic sachem Ninigret was granted “her cooke mayd and another old woman, that were promised to her by the committee at Norwhich, December last, that came in from the enemie.”75”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [75]
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Native men and older boys could be and were often shipped overseas for even the slightest suspicion of rebellion.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“In Providence, over thirty of the key men involved in the defense of Rhode Island during the war—including Roger Williams—were rewarded with either a share, three-quarters of a share, or half a share of the total proceeds from the sale of Indians.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Saltonstall, 1913, The Present State of New-England with Respect to the Indian War, by N.S., 1675
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Most magistrates seemingly agreed with Josiah Winslow and the Plymouth War Council, who decreed all natives—surrenderers or not—to be implicitly complicit, “complyers with them therein,” and therefore engaged in treasonous rebellion.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Harris, 1963
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But the slightly more common experience for Indian surrenderers and captives was being sold locally within New England.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“One Indian girl in particular, whose father had been shipped to Barbados as a slave and whose mother was put into local limited-term slavery, was given by her mother to Catapezet, a Pequot leader, likely to keep the Indian girl in native hands and out of English households.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“especially since forty of the fighting men were Wabaquasset Indians, from north of Mohegan, who were tributaries of the Mohegans.63”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [63]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One surprising element of the fate of the surrenderers is that Indians themselves sought them out, requesting them for servants and slaves.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“On November 1678, Rhode Island magistrates had to settle a squabble between residents of Newport and Portsmouth (both on Aquidneck Island) who each felt the others were gaining more profit from Indians who had surrendered to each town during the war.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > English Motivations for Foreign Enslavement of Natives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Silverman, 2010
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Massachusetts more clearly distinguished between the children of surrenderers and the children of natives who had been in active rebellion.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“And in November of that same year, the Governor’s Council decided that the children of Indian surrenderers who had served the required ten years in English households could be turned into lifelong slaves if either the Indian children or their parents were deemed to be unfaithful to the English.93”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [93]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Barbados explicitly required the return of New England Indians under penalty of a hefty fine in June 1676.84”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Alan Gallay has estimated that between 1670 and 1720, approximately 30,000–50,000 Natives were enslaved and shipped out of the Charleston port to destinations around the Atlantic, including New England.82”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Nonetheless, Pratt did not think it wise to just set them free.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [94]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“And Jamaica ruled against all Indian importation in December 1676, prompted by the recent arrival of enslaved New England Indians.85”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, in October 1676, Connecticut officials decreed that the term of service could be lengthened, but not shortened.92”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“A full decade after the war, in 1685, a Narragansett Indian by the name of Peter Freeman petitioned the Massachusetts General Assembly, stating that, while he was in the service of the colony of Massachusetts as a guide for General Josiah Winslow, his own daughter was “taken and made a slave.””
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Wenepoykin was the son of Squaw Sachem, the leader of the Massachusett band during the mid-seventeenth century.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Most commonly, in the post-war period, natives were sent to these West Indian destinations as punishment for a wide variety of infractions ranging from rape to murder.95”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [95]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“When Worsano learned that the constable intended to send him off to Barbados for seemingly no legitimate reason, he soon found a way to escape in order to avoid such a fate.96”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Even in Rhode Island (which historians have seen as more lenient with Natives), when the magistrates were debating what to do with the locally known Indian leader Chuff, Providence residents “cried out for Justice against him threatning themselves to kill him if the Authorities did not.”79”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [79]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In 1675 and 1676, Barbados, Jamaica, and Bermuda all passed laws of various kinds prohibiting the importation of New England Indians.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [84]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In 1710, a Wampanoag man named Gershom Worsano traveled to Boston to run an errand for a local Englishman named Kukliart.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The clear exception is Bermuda, where a modern-day community of individuals claim New England Indian descent.88”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [88]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The children that had been put into English houses as servants had over time grown into adults and had children of their own.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [94]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“On the question of how many “servants, slaves” were within the colony, Plymouth magistrates freely admitted, “slaves wee have very few Except Indian women and Boyes taken in the Late warr.”89”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [89]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Upon arrival in Boston, the local constable detained him without explanation.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fear of slavery was a tangible, deep concern for most New England natives involved in the war.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fear of overseas enslavement was so observable and widespread that it was used as a recruiting tactic by “enemy” Indians.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Fear of Enslavement in King Philip’s War
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this way, Deer and Long islands were envisioned by natives as stopping points in a process that would lead to being sent out of the country as actual slaves.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fear of enslavement and, more specifically, the fear of being sold as a slave out of the country played a major role in the waging of King Philip’s War, perhaps even more than scholars have typically acknowledged.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Fear of Enslavement in King Philip’s War
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were several reasons why New Englanders began selling captured Indians—even surrenderers—on the Atlantic slave market.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > English Motivations for Foreign Enslavement of Natives
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And, indeed, in most cases, it is evident that English-allied native leaders worked against the English to reduce the intended punishments of servitude and cultural marginalization.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some instances, natives caught up in the war surrendered to English-allied Indians, likely hoping for better treatment than they would receive at the hands of the English.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the most fascinating pieces of the surrenderers’ saga is the involvement of other natives influencing where surrenderers were settled and how they were treated.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The threat of foreign enslavement drove some natives deeper into resistance against the English, as when James Quannapaquait reported to the English in early 1676 that some young Indian warriors had stated, “why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves, & either be kild or sent away to sea to Barbadoes,” as mentioned above.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Fear of Enslavement in King Philip’s War
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some cases, this can surely be understood as a form of charity, akin to what Uncas was doing to keep Indians out of English households and off English merchant ships.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first and most obvious reason was that it was potentially lucrative.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > English Motivations for Foreign Enslavement of Natives
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Colonial policies regarding surrenderers were deeply and traumatically disruptive to native families.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As subjects who had broken their covenant with the English colonies, slavery was rationalized to be a justifiable punishment for all Indians.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Heywood, 2011, ‘Canniball Negroes,’ Atlantic Creoles, and the Identity of New England’s Charter Generation, African Diaspora source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cronne’s candid petition also highlights a second motivation for selling Indians abroad: it literally helped to clear the land by simply removing natives from their homelands.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > English Motivations for Foreign Enslavement of Natives
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Far from being a minor consideration, the threat of enslavement was one of the key factors when it came to natives fighting and—later in the war—surrendering.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lives, livelihoods, and kinship networks of thousands of Indians were permanently disrupted.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The threat of enslavement and the reality of slavery and forced long-term servitude for many natives echoed in the memories and psyches of individuals and communities well into the eighteenth century, if not far beyond.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This meant that, in practice, the enslavement of Indian surrenderers and other captives resulting from King Philip’s War lasted for decades, if not half a century or longer.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Every time native men or women protested the injustice of being enslaved and/or sent out of the country, they were calling the English to task for actions that betrayed their own religious professions.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For these unfree individuals, the effects of the war were long-lasting indeed, even reaching to successive generations.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When Indians were refused at various destinations, it was due to the risk of purchasing hostile or rebellious Indians who might run away or foment rebellion, not because of a wider moral prohibition against Indian slavery.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these Indian responses to the enslavement of surrenderers constituted the first sustained (even if largely ignored) anti-Indian-slavery protest in the English Atlantic empire.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Enslaving natives was another way of physically removing them from their land, thereby freeing up what colonists saw as “conquered land” for colonial settlement.81”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The legacies of enslavement during King Philip’s War reverberated for decades.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whatever English critiques of Indian enslavement emerge in this time period—and there were not many—came at the influence of natives themselves.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Small legal loopholes and dishonest practices on the ground ensured that, in many cases, limited-term service turned into lifelong and even heritable slavery.91”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [91]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, Indian slavery policies must be understood in relationship to an insatiable colonial appetite for land.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is important to note here that Eliot was referring specifically to the New England practice of selling surrenderers overseas as slaves (not just known enemies captured during warfare).78”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [78]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most colonists seemed to accept the logic of the Plymouth War Council that the vast majority of Indians were guilty by association, and therefore were legitimately executed or enslaved.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those Indians who were sold into local enslavement or placed as temporary slaves in English houses became the primary unfree labor base for the next few decades.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The fact that anti-Indian-slavery critiques did not take hold during or even after King Philip’s War reveals a solidifying sensibility regarding the presumed place (or non-place) for natives in English colonial society.80”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“New England Indian captives not only knew where they might be sent, but they often stated it outright: Barbados.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“English-allied native leaders worked hard to influence the treatment of surrenderers, helping them to escape to New York, harboring runaways, and in other ways trying to keep natives out of English households.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“generally the thousands of surrenderers received far worse treatment than they expected, facing execution, overseas enslavement, local limited-term enslavement, and forced relocation.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each colony had differing policies for surrendering natives”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Quannapaquait reported that “he understood by the cheefe men & old men [that] they were inclinable to have peace again with the English, but the young men [who are their principal soldiers] say we wil have no peace wee are all or most of us alive yet & the English have kild very few of us last summer why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves, & either be kild or sent away to sea to Barbadoes &c.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] Bodge, 1891
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In February 1677, a native man named Scinnae requested of the Connecticut Council to have his wife and three children returned to him. His wish was partially granted, in that he was reunited with his wife and two of his children. His third child, having previously been placed in the household of Nathaniel Butlar, was forced to fulfill his term there as a servant.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Pabweegannuck later alleged that Uncas was involved.68”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Local officials knew Uncas was to blame, even though he was always suspiciously absent when things transpired.64”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Foreshadowing later fugitive slave laws, Allyn argued that runaway slaves needed to be returned across colony lines or else “one Colony will be a Sanctuary to the discontented Servants of Another Colony.””
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > English Motivations for Foreign Enslavement of Natives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Wyllys, 1924
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Starting on October 30, 1675, the Massachusetts government began sending groups of Christian Indians to Deer Island, and eventually, Long Island, both in the Boston Harbor.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, surrenderers found themselves entirely at the mercy of local magistrates, who often forced them into limited-term slavery.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This included sixty-five “of the enemie, fighting men, besides their retennue of old men, women and children,” likely well over 250 natives total.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Connecticut set land aside, too, and one of the larger resettlement towns there was at Shetucket, a few miles north of Norwich, along the river in Wabaquasset country.57”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In every New England colony, natives known to be in active rebellion against the English were sold into slavery in one form or another.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these “surrenderers” often found themselves subjected to similar treatment as enemy Indians, ranging from being sent out of the country, resettled to new, designated areas, forced to serve in English homes as slaves and servants, and having their children forcibly placed as servants in English households.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In mid-August 1675, Josiah Winslow and the Plymouth Council of War discussed what to do with 112 natives, at least eight of which were women and children left behind by Philip’s retreating army who subsequently surrendered to Plymouth. These surrenderers were sold into slavery along with the others, having been judged either “actors” or “complyers” in the war.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Newell, 2003, The Changing Nature of Slavery in New England, 1670–1720
plainstates a causen = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Perhaps understandably, the young girl chafed at this arrangement and became unmanageable for Catapezet.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In late August or early September 1675, 57 Indians went to Sandwich on Cape Cod “in a submissive way” but were judged to be guilty of conspiracy in the rebellion and were “condemned unto perpetuall servitude.””
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Newell, 2009, Indian Slavery in Colonial New England
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pabweegannuck, a lesser Mohegan sachem, was given responsibility for ninety Indian surrenderers and then temporarily disappeared with them—apparently helping them move west, either into western Connecticut or into New York.67”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the Reverend James Fitch of Norwich, Connecticut, like many others, learned this the hard way when the surrenderers and enslaved natives on his estate ran away northward, across colony lines, where they found refuge amongst the Christianized natives at the praying town of Natick, Massachusetts.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > English Motivations for Foreign Enslavement of Natives
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Warren, 2016
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Uncas himself was reported to keep several Indian slaves and use them hard.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On June 9, 1676, the colony of Massachusetts decreed that enemy Indians who would surrender themselves would receive leniency. The only exceptions were notable leaders or known killers, who likely would be executed or shipped overseas as slaves.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Hallett, 2005
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“English magistrates repeatedly complained that surrenderers who had been taken in by Uncas simply vanished into thin air, or that he turned a blind eye while surrenderers raided cattle from local colonists.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Determined to subvert English practices of Indian slavery, Uncas continually encouraged natives to run away from their masters and then sheltered runaway Indians servants and slaves at Mohegan.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Pabweegannuck was briefly sent to prison for his actions; Uncas remained untouched.69”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [69]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, the Fairfield Indians were compensated for their losses in the war with an Indian girl captive—perhaps even one of their own.71”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Plymouth passed laws requiring all male Indian captives to be sold out of the country; another law prohibited any Indian males over the age of 14 from residing in the colony.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“When some enemy Indians attacked the praying town of Hassanamesit in Connecticut, they warned the Hassanamesit Indians: if “you go to the English again, they will either force you all to some Island as the Natick Indians are, where you will be in danger to be starved with cold and hunger, and most probably in the end be all sent out of the country for slaves.””
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Such was the case with Awashonks, the female sachem of the Sakonnet Indians, who offered to support the English with two major conditions: that people from her community would have their lives spared (men, women, and children) and, importantly, that they would not be sent out of the country as slaves.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Fisher, 2014, ‘Dangerous Designes’: The 1676 Barbados Act to Prohibit New England Indian Slave Importation, William and Mary Quarterly source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Correspondence, shipping records, court cases, town records, and even contemporary official histories of the war (such as William Hubbard’s) all point to the same thing: Indians were enslaved en masse and either distributed locally or sent overseas to a variety of destinations.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Fear of Enslavement in King Philip’s War
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Bermuda’s law, passed in August 1675, was the earliest and most broad-ranging.83”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Feeble attempts were made to reduce the trafficking in Indian children following the war; in 1678, Plymouth colony passed a law forbidding residents from purchasing Indian children captured during the war.90”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“With so many natives taken during the war and sent out of the country as slaves or sentenced to limited-term enslavement in English households, the General Assembly could do little more than offer paltry financial and material remunerations for his loss: two coats, two pairs of stockings, two pairs of shoes, a white shirt, and two shillings to get him home again, with the empty promise of trying”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Pratt strongly urged the latter—that the “said Children ought to not be Slaves at their masters pleasure.””
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [94]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But New England merchants also found other destinations for their human wares, in Cadiz, the Azores, and Tangier, among other locations.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The question was this: should the children of enslaved Indian women from King Philip’s War also be considered as slaves (which, according to Pratt, was the common practice of the Spanish)? Or should these children of King Philip’s War slaves instead be “deemed free at ye age of thirty years or Some other certain age”?”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [94]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Local officials grumbled about this sale, in part because they saw the young Indian girl as “being ye Englishes right,” but neither the seller, Catapezet, nor the buyer, Ruth, agreed, since the Indian girl herself had done no wrong in the war.76”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In May 1721—a full forty-five years after the end of King Philip’s War—Peter Pratt petitioned the Connecticut General Assembly with a problem.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [94]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Somehow, Wenepoykin received his freedom—some sources suggest it was John Eliot’s doing—and returned to Natick, Massachusetts, where he died in the early 1680s.87”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Wenepoykin joined forces against the English during King Philip’s War, was captured in 1675, sent to Barbados, sold as a slave, and labored against his will there for six or seven years.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In 1680, the colony of Plymouth responded to a questionnaire from the Board of Trade and Plantation regarding a variety of topics.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [89]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Threats of enslavement influenced the involvement of native individuals and groups, driving some into deeper “rebellion” and others to surrender.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite having fought on the side of the English, Uncas seemed determined post-war to keep Indians out of English households and—even more importantly—off of English merchant ships that threatened to take them to the Caribbean.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But Indian men and women who surrendered expected to be treated fairly; they often were not.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Historians have known for a long time that one element of King Philip’s War was a drastic increase in Indian enslavement.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Fear of Enslavement in King Philip’s War
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4] Bouton, 1867
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But in other cases, it seems that natives had few qualms keeping other Indians as servants and even—rarely—serving as slave-trading middlemen.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The listing of requested persons demonstrated the seeming charitableness of such requests: several fragmented family units, an elderly Indian woman, and a sickly Indian man.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, selling natives abroad was often an easier—and less risky—solution than selling them locally. This was especially true given the understandable propensity for Indian men, women, and children to simply run away following local sale and enslavement.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > English Motivations for Foreign Enslavement of Natives
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, as large-scale Indian slavery was reaching its peak in New England, it was only starting in the Carolinas.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other natives who were shipped to Atlantic destinations mostly disappeared into a wider slave market and labor force.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the rich scholarship on King Philip’s War, historians are only beginning to adequately recognize the full trauma and long-term effects that this and many other wars represented for Native nations—psychologically, spiritually, materially, politically, and socially.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the rarest of cases, some Indians survived warfare, being captured, sold into slavery, shipped to the Caribbean, working as slaves on plantations in the Caribbean, miraculously making it back to New England again.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As Indian slavery remained a reality long after King Philip’s War was over, Barbados and other Caribbean islands remained a feared destination for New England natives for decades after the war.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dozens upon dozens of cases of family separation undoubtedly went unresolved in the wake of the war.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Pratt’s proposed compromise—limited-term enslavement—simply replicated the enslavement practices after King Philip’s War in the next generation of Indian children, thereby ensuring a steady source of labor supply under the guise of “indentured servitude.”94”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [94]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the center of this monumental disruption were enslavement and the threat of enslavement, especially for those surrenderers who turned themselves in precisely to avoid slavery and death.”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The primary sources cited (colonial records, petitions, reports, and official histories) accurately report the numbers, policies, and treatment of Indian surrenderers.
“Correspondence, shipping records, court cases, town records, and even contemporary official histories of the war (such as William Hubbard’s) all point to the same thing: Indians were enslaved en masse and either distributed locally or sent overseas to a variety of destinations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The statements attributed to native individuals in English records reflect their actual views and motivations.
“Quannapaquait reported that “he understood by the cheefe men & old men [that] they were inclinable to have peace again with the English, but the young men [who are their principal soldiers] say we wil have no peace wee are all or most of us alive yet & the English have kild very few of us last summer why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves, & either be kild or sent away to sea to Barbadoes &c.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Conclusion
“A full decade after the war, in 1685”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Abstract
“King Philip’s War (1675–1676)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
“A few months later, in October 1676, Cassasinamon requested and received permission”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Resisting Enslavement
“in July 1677”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
“approximately 567 Christianized natives lived in half a dozen locales”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Native Families and Slavery
“including Ipswich and Chelmsford, as well as the praying towns or former praying towns of Natick, Hassanamesit, Magunkog, Marlborough, and Wamesit.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
“ages 21–30 served for eight years”
§ “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian Surrenderers During and After King Philip’s War > Surrenderers and Enslavement
“those age 30 and above had to serve seven years or be sold.”
Citations
Cites
Handbook of North American Indians
(1978) · Anthropology News · doi:10.1111/an.1978.19.8.24 · Cited by 744
The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity.
Rubertone, P. E., & Lepore, J. (1999) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/2568274 · Cited by 275
Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England
Shurtleff, N. B. (2010) · Cited by 191
The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717
Perdue, T., & Gallay, A. (2003) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/30040021 · Cited by 186
Kupperman, K. O. (1993) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511583834 · Cited by 126
Brethren by Nature: New England Indians, Colonists, and the Origins of American Slavery
Newell, M. E. (2015) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/cornell/9780801434150.001.0001 · Cited by 92
Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in New England
Bartlett, J. R., & Island, R. (2012) · Cited by 78
Providence Island, 1630-1641: The Other Puritan Colony
Games, A. F., & Kupperman, K. O. (1996) · The Journal of Interdisciplinary History · doi:10.2307/206043 · Cited by 77
Indian slavery in Colonial America
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-5846 · Cited by 69
Records of the Colony of New Plymouth, in New England
Shurtleff, N. B. (2009) · Cited by 60
Research works printed but not linked: 21
- Bodge, 1891, Soldiers in King Philip’s War. Containing Lists of the Soldiers of Massachusetts Colony, Who Served in the Indian War of 1675–1677
- Boston (Mass.) Registry Dept., 1881, Bostontown Records, 1634–1661: The Book of Possessions of Suffolk County, Mass. 1877
- Bouton, 1867, Provincial Papers. Documents and Records Relating to the Province of New-Hampshire, from the Earliest Period of Its Settlement
- Bragdon, 1999, Native Americans in Bermuda, Bermuda Journal of Archaeology and Maritime History, 11, 53
- Corey, 1898, The History of Malden, Massachusetts, 1633–1785
- Easton, 1858, A Narrative of the Causes which Led to Philip’s Indian War, of 1675 and 1676
- Felt, 1862, The Ecclesiastical History of New England
- Gookin, 1836, An Historical Account of the Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians in New England, 423
- Hallett, 2005, Bermuda under the Sommer Islands Company, 1612–1684: Civil Records
- Hoadly, 1850, The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut
- Hubbard, 1677, The Present State of New-England. Being a Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England
- Kawashima, 1988, Indian Servitude in the Northeast, 404
- Newell, 2003, The Changing Nature of Slavery in New England, 1670–1720
- Perley, 1912, Indian Land Title of Essex County, Massachusetts
- Rogers, The Early Records of the Town of Providence, 1892
- Rowlandson, 1997, The Sovereignty and Goodness of God: Together with the Faithfulness of His Promises Displayed: Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson and Related Documents
- Saltonstall, 1675, The Present State of New-England with Respect to the Indian War
- Saltonstall, 1913, The Present State of New-England with Respect to the Indian War, by N.S., 1675, 19
- Staples, 1843, Annals of the Town of Providence
- Temple, 1887, History of North Brookfield, Massachusetts
- Wyllys, 1924, The Wyllys Papers; Correspondence and Documents Chiefly of Descendents of Gov. George Wyllys of Connecticut, 1590–1796
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Fowle, M. Z. (2022) · Housing Policy Debate · doi:10.1080/10511482.2022.2026995 · Cited by 98
Historical Primer on Obstetrics and Gynecology Health Inequities in America
Nnoli, A. (2023) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000005331 · Cited by 25
Satter, D. E., Kollar, L. M. M., & Sook', D. O. '. (2021) · PubMed · Cited by 10
Indigenous Community Projects: Addressing Colonization through Using Culture as a Protective Factor
Gordon, H., & Zukowski, A. (2023) · International Indigenous Policy Journal · doi:10.18584/iipj.2023.14.2.14723 · Cited by 8
Smyth, N. E. (2022) · Ethnohistory · doi:10.1215/00141801-9705904 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Fisher, L. D.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fisher, Linford D.
- Venue
- Ethnohistory
- Publisher
- Duke University Press
- Published
- 2017-01-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 91-114
- ISSN
- 0014-1801 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-5477
- PMC
- PMC5654607
- OpenAlex
- W2568370317
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 7.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Ethnohistory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Endowment for the Humanities
- Brown University
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD041020)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Colonialism, slavery, and trade
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Latin American history and culture
- Keywords
- King Philip's War, colonial New England, forced relocation, runaways, New York
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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