The control of somitogenesis in mouse embryos

Abstract

Somitogenesis in the mouse embryo commences with the generation of presumptive somitic mesoderm at the primitive streak and in the tail-bud mesenchyme. The presumptive somitic mesoderm is then organized into somite primordia in the presomitic mesoderm. These primordia undergo morphogenesis leading to the segmentation of somites at the cranial end of the presomitic mesoderm. Somite sizes at the time of segmentation vary according to the position of the somite in the body axis: the size of lumbar and sacral somites is nearly twice that of upper trunk somites and of tail somites. The size of the presomitic mesoderm, which is governed by the balance between the addition of cells at the caudal end and the removal of somites at the cranial end, changes during embryonic development. Somitogenesis is disturbed during the compensatory growth of mouse embryos which have suffered a drastic size reduction at the primitive-streak and early-organogenesis stages. The formation of somites is retarded and the upper trunk somites are formed at a smaller size. The embryo also follows an entirely different growth profile, but a normal body size is restored by the early foetal stage. The somite number is regulated to normal and this is brought about by an altered rate of somite formation and the adjustment of somite size in proportion to the whole body size. It is proposed that axis formation and somitogenesis are related morphogenetic processes and that embryonic growth controls the kinetics of somitogenesis, namely by regulating the number of cells allocated to each somite and the rate of somite formation.