Cited by 179Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanismsFluid dynamics and aerodynamics studiesAeroelasticity and Vibration Control

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Flexible clap and fling in tiny insect flight

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Miller, Laura A., Peskin, Charles S.·2009·Journal of Experimental Biology

DOI 10.1242/jeb.028662

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Abstract

Of the insects that have been filmed in flight, those that are 1 mm in length or less often clap their wings together at the end of each upstroke and fling them apart at the beginning of each downstroke. This ;clap and fling' motion is thought to augment the lift forces generated during flight. What has not been highlighted in previous work is that very large forces are required to clap the wings together and to fling the wings apart at the low Reynolds numbers relevant to these tiny insects. In this paper, we use the immersed boundary method to simulate clap and fling in rigid and flexible wings. We find that the drag forces generated during fling with rigid wings can be up to 10 times larger than what would be produced without the effects of wing-wing interaction. As the horizontal components of the forces generated during the end of the upstroke and beginning of the downstroke cancel as a result of the motion of the two wings, these forces cannot be used to generate thrust. As a result, clap and fling appears to be rather inefficient for the smallest flying insects. We also add flexibility to the wings and find that the maximum drag force generated during the fling can be reduced by about 50%. In some instances, the net lift forces generated are also improved relative to the rigid wing case.

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Authors: Miller, L. A., & Peskin, C. S.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Corresponding author: Miller, Laura A.
ORCID: Miller, Laura A.
Peskin, Charles S.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Biology
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Published: 2009-10-01
Volume: 212
Issue: 19
Pages: 3076-3090
ISSN: 0022-0949 (ISSN-L)
1477-9145
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.028662
OpenAlex: W2141248119
Cited by: 179
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 11.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Experimental Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
UNC Libraries
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Fluid dynamics and aerodynamics studies
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Aeroelasticity and Vibration Control
Keywords: clap-and-fling, insect flight, wing flexibility, wing-wing interaction, drag force, lift generation, low Reynolds number aerodynamics, upstroke and downstroke, thrust generation, immersed boundary method
MeSH terms: Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Flight, Animal, Insecta, Wings, Animal, Body Size

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Flexible clap and fling in tiny insect flight

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