Risk of Smoking and Metabolic Syndrome for Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease Comparison of Relative Contribution in Urban Japanese Population: The Suita Study
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BACKGROUND: Risk factor clustering, the so-called metabolic syndrome (MetS), is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Smoking is also an important CVD risk factor with still a high prevalence. However, few previous studies have compared the risk for CVD or the population-attributable fraction (PAF) of smoking, MetS, and both. METHODS AND RESULTS: The present study was an 11.9-year cohort study of 1,822 men and 2,089 women, aged 40-74 years, selected randomly from an urban general population in Japan. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program on Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) guideline modified by the Asian criteria for waist circumference. The prevalence of smoking was 49.5% in men and 11.1% in women, and that of MetS was 19.8% and 23.5%, respectively. In men, the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio for CVD incidence, compared with non-smoking participants without MetS, was 2.07 (1.26-3.40) in those who smoked, 2.09 (1.08-4.04) in those with MetS, and 3.56 (1.89-6.72) in those with both. In men the PAF for CVD incidence was 21.8% because of smoking, 7.5% because of MetS, and 11.9% because of both. CONCLUSIONS: Although countermeasures for MetS are important, smoking should continue to be considered an important public health problem and antismoking campaigns should be promoted, especially for men, to prevent CVD.
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Japanese cohort studies have consistently reported smoking as a risk factor.
“Reviews in Japan alone have shown that smoking has been consistently reported in many cohort studies103–111) to be a risk factor.”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [107]
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References 30 · Cited by 56
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Committee to Evaluate Diagnostic Standards for Metabolic Syndrome. Definition and diagnostic standard for metabolic syndrome. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2005; 94: 794 -809 (in Japanese).
- Health and Welfare Statistics Association. 2008 Kokumin Eisei No Doko (Trend for National Health and Hygiene, Japan). J Health Welf Stat 2008; 55: 83 (in Japanese).
- Imai E, Horio M. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: The dif- ference between Japan and Western countries. J Blood Press 2006; 13: 359 -363 (in Japanese).
- Authors
- Higashiyama, A., Okamura, T., Ono, Y., Watanabe, M., Kokubo, Y., & Okayama, A.
- Affiliations
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cardiovascular Center
- Japan Anti Tuberculosis Association (JP)
- Venue
- Circulation Journal
- Publisher
- Japanese Circulation Society
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2258-2263
- ISSN
- 1346-9843 (ISSN-L)
- 1347-4820
- OpenAlex
- W1973979669
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- smoking, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease incidence, population attributable fraction, risk factor clustering, sex differences, anti-smoking campaigns, cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Humans, Japan, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking, Urban Health, Incidence, Chi-Square Distribution, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Assessment, Metabolic Syndrome, Asian People
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