The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Nature of Credit Constraints and Human Capital
Abstract
We develop a human capital model with borrowing constraints explicitly derived from government student loan (GSL) programs and private lending under limited commitment. The model helps explain the persistent strong positive correlation between ability and schooling in the United States, as well as the rising importance of family income for college attendance. It also explains the increasing share of undergraduates borrowing the GSL maximum and the rise in student borrowing from private lenders. Our framework offers new insights regarding the interaction of government and private lending, as well as the responsiveness of private credit to economic and policy changes. (JEL D14, H52, I22, I23, J24)
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Becker, G. S. (1983) · Cited by 6,708
The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings
Ben-Porath, Y. (1967) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/259291 · Cited by 2,646
Changes in the Wage Structure and Earnings Inequality
Katz, L. F., & Autor, D. (1999) · Handbook of labour economics · doi:10.1016/s1573-4463(99)03007-2 · Cited by 2,085
The Evidence on Credit Constraints in Post‐Secondary Schooling
Carneiro, P., & Heckman, J. J. (2002) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00075 · Cited by 1,042
Cameron, S. V., & Heckman, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/250010 · Cited by 1,017
Manski, C. F., & Wise, D. A. (1983) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674422285 · Cited by 977
The Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Black, Hispanic, and White Males
Cameron, S. V., & Heckman, J. J. (2001) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/321014 · Cited by 911
Does Income Inequality Lead to Consumption Inequality? Evidence and Theory1
Krueger, D., & Perri, F. (2006) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-937x.2006.00373.x · Cited by 895
Debt-Constrained Asset Markets
Kehoe, T. J., & Levine, D. K. (1993) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2298103 · Cited by 874
Heckman, J. J., Lochner, L., & Taber, C. R. (1998) · Review of Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1006/redy.1997.0008 · Cited by 842
Self-citationInterpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill FormationPreprint
Cunha, F., Heckman, J. J., Lochner, L., & Masterov, D. V. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.766744 · Cited by 833
Self-citationImplications of Efficient Risk Sharing without Commitment
Kocherlakota, N. (1996) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2297795 · Cited by 728
Efficiency, Equilibrium, and Asset Pricing with Risk of Default
Alvarez, F. E., & Jermann, U. J. (2000) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00137 · Cited by 696
A Quantitative Theory of Unsecured Consumer Credit with Risk of Default
Chatterjee, S., Corbae, D., Nakajima, M., & Ŕıos-Rull, J.-V. (2007) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00806.x · Cited by 665
The Effect of Parental Transfers and Borrowing Constraints on Educational Attainment
Keane, M. P., & Wolpin, K. I. (2001) · International Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1468-2354.00146 · Cited by 659
Does Income Inequality Lead to Consumption Inequality? Evidence and Theory
Krueger, D., & Perri, F. (2002) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w9202 · Cited by 595
Optimal Lending Contracts and Firm Dynamics
Albuquerque, R. A., & Hopenhayn, H. A. (2004) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/0034-6527.00285 · Cited by 560
Estimation of Educational Borrowing Constraints Using Returns to Schooling
Cameron, S. V., & Taber, C. R. (2004) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/379937 · Cited by 536
International Business Cycles with Endogenous Incomplete Markets
Kehoe, P. J., & Perri, F. (2002) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00314 · Cited by 531
The Changing Role of Family Income and Ability in Determining Educational Achievement
Belley, P., & Lochner, L. (2007) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/524674 · Cited by 525
Self-citationEarnings, Schooling, and Ability Revisited
Card, D. (1994) · Research in labor economics · doi:10.1108/s0147-9121(2012)0000035031 · Cited by 508
Consumer Bankruptcy: A Fresh Start
Livshits, I., MacGee, J. C., & Tertilt, M. (2007) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.97.1.402 · Cited by 486
Personal Bankruptcy and Credit Supply and Demand
Gropp, R., Scholz, J. K., & White, M. J. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355397555172 · Cited by 478
Student Loans: Do College Students Borrow Too Much—Or Not Enough?
Avery, C., & Turner, S. (2012) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.26.1.165 · Cited by 385
CONSUMPTION AND SAVING OVER THE LIFE CYCLE: HOW IMPORTANT ARE CONSUMER DURABLES?
Fernández‐Villaverde, J., & Krueger, D. (2011) · Macroeconomic Dynamics · doi:10.1017/s1365100510000180 · Cited by 371
The student aid game: meeting need and rewarding talent in American higher education
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-4625 · Cited by 323
Stinebrickner, R., & Stinebrickner, T. R. (2008) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.98.5.2163 · Cited by 261
The Effect of Liquid Housing Wealth on College Enrollment
Lovenheim, M. (2011) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/660775 · Cited by 246
The Rising College Premium in the Eighties: Return to College or Return to Unobserved Ability?
Taber, C. R. (2001) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-937x.00185 · Cited by 214
Earnings Functions and Rates of Return
Heckman, J. J., Lochner, L., & Todd, P. (2008) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/587037 · Cited by 207
Self-citationThe Distribution of Costs and Direct Benefits of Public Higher Education: The Case of California
Hansen, W. L., & Weisbrod, B. A. (1969) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.2307/144718 · Cited by 190
The Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites
Cameron, S. V., & Heckman, J. J. (1999) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w7249 · Cited by 132
Higher education subsidies and heterogeneity: a dynamic analysis
Caucutt, E. M., & Kumar, K. B. (2003) · Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control · doi:10.1016/s0165-1889(02)00067-2 · Cited by 114
The Federal Student Loan Program: Quantitative implications for college enrollment and default rates
Ionescu, F. A. (2008) · Review of Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.red.2008.09.004 · Cited by 105
Ability Bias, Discount Rate Bias and the Return to Education
Lang, K. (1993) · Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) · Cited by 100
Cawley, J., Heckman, J. J., & Vytlacil, E. (1998) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w6388 · Cited by 97
Redistribution through education and other transfer mechanisms
Hanushek, E. A., Leung, C. K. Y., & Yılmaz, K. (2003) · Journal of Monetary Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2003.01.004 · Cited by 92
Efficient Investment in Children
Aiyagari, S. R., Greenwood, J., & Seshadri, A. (2002) · Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1006/jeth.2001.2852 · Cited by 82
Stinebrickner, T. R., & Stinebrickner, R. (2007) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w13340 · Cited by 69
Home Equity Lending and Retail Spending: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Texas
Abdallah, C., & Lastrapes, W. D. (2012) · American Economic Journal Macroeconomics · doi:10.1257/mac.4.4.94 · Cited by 60
Human capital investment and debt constraints
Andolfatto, D., & Gervais, M. (2005) · Review of Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.red.2005.08.002 · Cited by 47
The Nature of Credit Constraints and Human Capital
Lochner, L., & Monge‐Naranjo, A. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w13912 · Cited by 43
Self-citationHuman Capital Risk, Contract Enforcement, and the Macroeconomy
Krebs, T., Kuhn, M., & Wright, M. L. J. (2015) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20111681 · Cited by 40
Trends in Undergraduate Borrowing: Federal Student Loans in 1989-90, 1992-93, and 1995-96.
Berkner, L. (2000) · Education statistics quarterly · Cited by 28
Human Capital Formation with Endogenous Credit Constraints
Lochner, L., & Monge‐Naranjo, A. (2002) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w8815 · Cited by 28
Self-citationThe Savings Impact of College Financial Aid
Dick, A. W., Edlin, A. S., & Emch, E. R. (2003) · Contributions in Economic Analysis & Policy · doi:10.2202/1538-0645.1044 · Cited by 22
Consolidation of Student Loan Repayments and Default Incentives
Ionescu, F. A. (2008) · The B E Journal of Macroeconomics · doi:10.2202/1935-1690.1682 · Cited by 21
Entrepreneurship and firm heterogeneity with limited enforcement
Monge‐Naranjo, A. (2009) · Annals of Finance · doi:10.1007/s10436-009-0122-1 · Cited by 21
Self-citationA New Test of Borrowing Constraints for Education
Brown, M., Scholz, J. K., & Seshadri, A. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14879 · Cited by 17
Wei, C. C., & Berkner, L. (2008) · National Center for Education Statistics · Cited by 12
Private Loans and Choice in Financing Higher Education.
Wegmann, C. A., Cunningham, A. F., & Merisotis, J. P. (2003) · Cited by 10
A New Test of Borrowing Constraints for Education. NBER Working Paper No. 14879.
Brown, M., Scholz, J. K., & Seshadri, A. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · Cited by 8
Insuring college failure riskPreprint
Chatterjee, S., & Ionescu, F. A. (2010) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 8
Stinebrickner, T. R., & Stinebrickner, R. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 7
The Savings Impact of the Implicit Taxes from College Financial Aid
Edlin, A. S., Dick, A. W., & Emch, E. R. (2003) · Berkley Law Scholarship Repository (University of California, Berkeley) · Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Berkner Lutz K, 2000, Federal Student Loans in, 1989, 1992
- Cameron Stephen V, 1999, Financing College Tuition: Government policies and Educational priorities, ed. Marvin H. Kosters, 76
- Cawley John, 2000, K. Arrow, S. Bowles and S. Durlauf, 230
- Ellwood David T, 2000, Securing the Future: Investing in Children from Birth to College, ed. Sheldon Danziger and Jane Waldfogel, 283
- Titus Marvin A, 2002, Federal Student Loans in, 1989, 1992
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Consumer Bankruptcy: A Fresh Start
Livshits, I., MacGee, J. C., & Tertilt, M. (2007) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.97.1.402 · Cited by 486
Student Loans: Do College Students Borrow Too Much—Or Not Enough?
Avery, C., & Turner, S. (2012) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.26.1.165 · Cited by 385
The Returns to College Admission for Academically Marginal Students
Zimmerman, S. (2014) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/676661 · Cited by 357
Piketty, T., & Saez, E. (2013) · Handbook of public economics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53759-1.00007-8 · Cited by 315
Looney, A., & Yannelis, C. (2015) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity · doi:10.1353/eca.2015.0003 · Cited by 276
Metadata
- Authors
- Lochner, L. J., & Monge-Naranjo, A.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- Department of Economics, Pennsylvania State University, 502 Kern Graduate Building, University Park, PA, 16802-3306.
- ORCID
- Lochner, Lance J
- Venue
- American Economic Review
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2011-10-01
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2487-2529
- ISSN
- 0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2141338042
- Cited by
- 347
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 118.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Economic Review (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Keywords
- credit constraints, human capital, student loans, private lending, limited commitment, college attendance, household income, private credit, education funding
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review