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Automated analysis of postoperative behaviour: assessment of HomeCageScan as a novel method to rapidly identify pain and analgesic effects in mice
Open accessAbstract
This study evaluated whether the automated behaviour recognition software 'HomeCageScan' (HCS) could detect behaviour changes and any positive analgesic effects in two mouse strains undergoing vasectomy (C3H/HeNCrl and C57BL/6). Another objective was to test the effectiveness of HCS in differentiating between the effects of each treatment relative to conventional manual analysis. Each control (unoperated) group consisted of four mice of each strain. They were either untreated mice, mice given meloxicam alone (10 mg/kg) or mice given either saline or meloxicam (10 mg/kg) 30 min prior to isoflurane anaesthesia. The vasectomized mice received either saline or meloxicam at 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg, again, 30 min prior to isoflurane anaesthesia. Filming began one hour following surgery. Each mouse was filmed for 6 min for the manual analysis and then for a further 20 min for analysis with HCS. In a time-matched test, HCS and the manual analysis produced activity data that generated identical conclusions regarding treatment effects and strain differences. Both HCS and the manual analysis found the C57BL/6 controls were overall more active, but not following vasectomy, when both types of analysis detected markedly reduced activity. Low-dose meloxicam (5 mg/kg) had a positive effect on postoperative mobility in the C3H/HeNCrl mice; however, increasing the dose rate progressively reduced this. These effects were also detected with the manual analysis. Overall, HCS provided a sufficiently accurate and rapid method of analysing mouse behaviour encouraging more prolonged assessments in the future. This capability and the possibility of training the software to recognize a greater range of behaviours, including pain-specific indicators, should be of considerable value for assessing postoperative behaviour in both mice and rats. This would allow analgesic requirements to be investigated in a greater range of rodent models than is currently feasible with conventional analysis methods.
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“ML can assist in monitoring such behaviours by matching the human assessment in terms of treatment effects on laboratory mice, Mus musculus (Roughan, Wright-Williams, & Flecknell, 2009).”
From Applications of machine learning in animal behaviour studies (2017) · cites this paper as Roughan et al., 2009
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“Previously, many automatic behavior-training systems have been developed, for example, in studies of operant conditioning [16], visual-task performance [17–19], odorbased behaviors [20], pain sensitivity [21, 22], freezing behavior during fear conditioning [23, 24], home-cage phenotyping [25–27], anxiety [28], diurnal…”
Behavioral Pharmacology of Pain
Berge, O. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2014_281 · Cited by 4
Automatic behavior recognition in laboratory animals using kinect
Monteiro, J. (2012) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.34626/beqh-0p80 · Cited by 4
Darvishi, H., Rezaei, M., Khodayar, M. J., Zargar, H. R., Dehghani, M. A., Vardanjani, H. R., & Ghanbari, S. (2016) · Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products · doi:10.17795/jjnpp-36412 · Cited by 3
Enhancing Wnt signaling lowers fracture incidence in a severe mouse model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Montagna, G., Lee, S., Baacke, A., Warman, M. L., & Jacobsen, C. M. (2025) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2025.117641 · Cited by 2
rTg4510 Tauopathy Mice Exhibit Non-Spatial Memory Deficits Prevented by Doxycycline Treatment
Kishimoto, Y., Kubota, T., Nakashima, K., & Kirino, Y. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15111183 · Cited by 2
“To assess general motor function and exclude locomotor impairments as a confound, spontaneous home-cage activity was evaluated as previously described [27,28].”
Effects of putative chronic pain models on locomotor activity in female and male mice
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KELEŞ, A. İ., Kaya, H., Keleş, G., & Tümkaya, L. (2025) · Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava medical journal · doi:10.1007/s44411-025-00217-2 · Cited by 1
“Previous studies have determined decreases in the numbers of rearing behaviors, walking speed, square changes, and the adoption of an upright posture in animals with pain [19, 27].”
Modern assays for assessing pain and related nociceptive and defensive actions in rodent models
Arakawa, H. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115854 · Cited by 1
“In addition, these potential alterations in reflective responses related to the experience of pain induce subsequent changes in innate routine behavioral patterns (ethograms), locomotive and motor activities (including wheel running, burrowing, and rearing) [110], and adaptive coping responses.”
Analgesic drug efficacy in mouse postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Deep learning-based monitoring system for distress on mice using behavior analysis
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Development of a Low-cost, Comprehensive Recording System for Circadian Rhythm Behavior
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Harm to research animals, severity categories, and humane endpoints
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Lemmikkijyrsijöiden kipulääkitys - kirjallisuuskatsaus
Peltokorpi, I. (2010) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Behavioral assessments for pre-clinical pharmacovigilance
Thompson, J. H. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnpha.2010.00003
“Roughan et al. (2009) used an automated behavioral recognition program to monitor pain and analgesic effects in mice while in the home cage after surgery.”
Cesarovic, N. (2014) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-010124123
The Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Efficacy of Oral Carprofen in the Laboratory Mouse
Ingrao, J. C. (2014) · The Atrium (University of Guelph)
Häger, C., Keubler, L. M., & Bleich, A. (2016)
Manso, A. F., Martinho, M. J. S., Silva, H., Cabrita, A., Banganho, A., Machado, G., & Macedo, M. P. (2017) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2017.8037667
The Assessment of Hanging Behavior as a Measure of Mouse Welfare
Patel, I. M. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Facial reconstructive surgery after tumour removal in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)
Nógrádi, A. L., Kojer, J., Csatári, D., Cope, I., & Németh, T. (2020) · Companion animal · doi:10.12968/coan.2020.0071
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“These behaviors are exploration-related behaviors of mice (Roughan et al., 2009).”
Rebalka, I. A., Alshamali, R., vanLieshout, T. L., Gingrich, M. A., Marlatt, M. R., Ljubicic, V., Simpson, J. A., & Hawke, T. J. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0339194
“These results are hypothesized to indicate the absence of myalgia (muscle pain) in the current model, which would have decreased ambulation and rearing, increased resting behaviours, and decreased total distance traveled during testing [50–53].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Roughan, J. V., Wright-Williams, S. L., & Flecknell, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Roughan, J V
- Venue
- Laboratory Animals
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-26
- ISSN
- 0023-6772 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-1117
- OpenAlex
- W2129376585
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 8.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Laboratory Animals (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Amgen
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (G0400227/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Keywords
- postoperative pain, analgesia, meloxicam, vasectomy, mouse behavior, postoperative mobility, C57BL/6 mice, isoflurane anesthesia
- MeSH terms
- Meloxicam, Analgesics, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Body Weight, Male, Mice, Inbred C3H, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred Strains, Pain Measurement, Pain, Postoperative, Postoperative Pain, Postoperative Period, Sensitivity and Specificity, Software, Thiazines, Thiazoles, Vasectomy, Mice
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