Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 369

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

The Consensus of Subjective Probability Distributions

Winkler, Robert L.·1968·Management Science

Abstract

“‘But we can't agree whether A or B is correct,' he concluded, ‘and so we're collecting expert opinions, weighting them appropriately, and programming WESCAC to arbitrate the whole question.’” (John Barth, Giles Goat-Boy, p. 664.) In the Bayesian framework, quantified judgments about uncertainty are an indispensable input to methods of statistical inference and decision. If a decision maker has little knowledge with regard to the parameters of interest, he may decide to consult a number of experts and obtain their quantified judgments in the form of subjective probability distributions. If this is the case, the decision maker must somehow combine the distributions assessed by the experts and form a single distribution to be used as an input to a formal Bayesian analysis. Several methods for combining the distributions are suggested, some involving mathematical formulae and some involving feedback and/or group discussion. These methods are compared under certain assumptions regarding the form of the distributions and also under experimental conditions.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1287/mnsc.15.2.b61

Cites

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cited by

See all 369

Metadata

Authors
Winkler, R. L.
Venue
Management Science
Published
1968-10
Volume
15
Issue
2
Pages
B-61-B-75
ISSN
  • 0025-1909 (ISSN-L)
  • 1526-5501
OpenAlex
W2100326009
Cited by
369
References
0
FWCI
7.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Consensus of Subjective Probability Distributions. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1287/mnsc.15.2.b61
The paper
Winkler, R. L. (1968). The Consensus of Subjective Probability Distributions. Management Science. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.15.2.b61

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.