The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Urinary Concentrations of Four Parabens in the U.S. Population: NHANES 2005–2006
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics, -pharmaceuticals, and food and beverage processing. OBJECTIVES: We assessed exposure to methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl parabens in a representative sample of persons >or= 6 years of age in the U.S. general population from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. METHODS: We analyzed 2,548 urine samples by using online solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: We detected methyl paraben (MP) and propyl paraben (PP) in 99.1% and 92.7% of the samples, respectively. We detected ethyl (42.4%) and butyl (47%) parabens less frequently and at median concentrations at least one order of magnitude lower than MP (63.5 microg/L) and PP (8.7 microg/L). Least-square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of MP were significantly higher (p or= 60 years). Adolescent and adult females had significantly higher (p < 0.01) LSGM concentrations of MP and PP than did adolescent and adult males. Females were more likely than males [adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs): MP, 3.2 (2.99-5.27); PP, 4.19 (2.34-7.49)] and non-Hispanic blacks were more likely than non-Hispanic whites [MP, 4.99 (2.62-9.50); PP, 3.6 (1.86-7.05)] to have concentrations above the 95th percentile. CONCLUSIONS: The general U.S. population was exposed to several parabens during 2005-2006. Differences in the urinary concentrations of MP and PP by sex and race/ethnicity likely reflect the use of personal care products containing these compounds.
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Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens)
Soni, M. G., Carabin, I. G., & Burdock, G. A. (2005) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.020 · Cited by 1,012
Silva, M. J., Barr, D. B., Reidy, J. A., Malek, N. A., Hodge, C. C., Caudill, S. P., Brock, J. W., Needham, L. L., & Calafat, A. M. (2004) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.6723 · Cited by 966
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Quality assurance of chemical measurements
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Self-citationQuality Assurance of Chemical Measurements
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A Review of the Endocrine Activity of Parabens and Implications for Potential Risks to Human Health
Golden, R., Gandy, J., & Vollmer, G. (2005) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408440490920104 · Cited by 416
Calafat, A. M., Wong, L.-Y., Ye, X., Reidy, J. A., & Needham, L. L. (2008) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.11269 · Cited by 413
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Metabolism disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders
Heindel, J. J., Blumberg, B., Cave, M., Machtinger, R., Mantovani, A., Mendez, M. A., Nadal, A., Palanza, P., Panzica, G., Sargis, R., et al. (2017) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.10.001 · Cited by 1,101
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Metadata
- Authors
- Calafat, A. M., Ye, X., Wong, L.-Y., Bishop, A. M., & Needham, L. L.
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2010-05
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 679-685
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- OpenAlex
- W2032789267
- Cited by
- 451
- References
- 25
- FWCI
- 9.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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