Cited by 3Military, Security, and Education StudiesCybercrime and Law Enforcement StudiesLegal and Social Justice Studies

The child sexual abuse material survivor as homo sacer: bare life under cyber-libertarianism

Open access
Salter, Michael, Richardson, Lloyd, Marcoux, Jacques, Neufeld, Katelin H.S., Barker, Kelly·2025·Journal of Gender-Based Violence

Abstract

This article applies Agamben’s formulation of political abandonment to theorise the political status of survivors of child sexual abuse material under the internet’s cyber-libertarian regime. While the production, distribution and possession of child sexual abuse material is illegal in most jurisdictions, it is functionally permitted by the current legal and administrative structures that govern the internet, as evident in annual increases in child sexual abuse material availability for over two decades. The article collates distribution data for three female survivors subject to extensive online distribution of recordings of their abuse, as well as online offender discourse about the three survivors, to highlight the ease with which online networks of child sex abusers can predate on victims depicted in child sexual abuse material. The article analyses the extraordinary sociolegal position occupied by child sexual abuse material victims who can be subject to serious ongoing harm with little risk of consequences for the majority of offenders, while legislative efforts to afford them relief and protection continue to be obstructed by a cyber-libertarian coalition of actors in the technology sector, civil society and politics. By exploring how child sexual abuse material survivors are denied their rights to freedom, justice and privacy in the name of those very same rights, we demonstrate how Agamben’s notion of the ‘homo sacer’ makes visible the abject plight of those survivors and the hypocrisy of the internet’s juridical order.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1332/23986808y2025d000000091

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4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Bespoke AI-generated content acquires value as criminal currency within offender economies, extending circulation and survivor-harm dynamics.

    “Such bespoke content also acquires value as criminal currency within offender economies (IWF 2023), extending the circulation and survivor-harm dynamics already documented in previous literature (Page et al. 2025; Salter et al. 2025; Schmidt et al. 2024).”
  • Prior work has shown that CSAM harms are not limited to the moment of original abuse but continue through circulation, viewing, downloading, recontextualisation and re-exposure.

    “Prior work has shown that CSAM harms are not limited to the moment of original abuse but continue through circulation, viewing, downloading, recontextualisation and re-exposure (Page et al. 2025; Salter et al. 2025; Schmidt et al. 2024).”

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Authors
Salter, M., Richardson, L., Marcoux, J., Neufeld, K. H. S., & Barker, K.
Affiliations
  • UNSW Sydney (AU)
  • Canadian Centre for Child Protection, Canada
Venue
Journal of Gender-Based Violence
Published
2025-07-25
Pages
1-20
ISSN
  • 2398-6808 (ISSN-L)
  • 2398-6816
OpenAlex
W4412715520
Cited by
3
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 1
FWCI
3.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Gender-Based Violence (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Children's Investment Fund Foundation
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
  • Social Sciences › Law › Legal and Social Justice Studies
Keywords
child pornography, survivors, homo sacer, bare life, Giorgio Agamben, internet governance, privacy, legal protection of victims, women survivors

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