The child sexual abuse material survivor as homo sacer: bare life under cyber-libertarianism
Open accessAbstract
This article applies Agamben’s formulation of political abandonment to theorise the political status of survivors of child sexual abuse material under the internet’s cyber-libertarian regime. While the production, distribution and possession of child sexual abuse material is illegal in most jurisdictions, it is functionally permitted by the current legal and administrative structures that govern the internet, as evident in annual increases in child sexual abuse material availability for over two decades. The article collates distribution data for three female survivors subject to extensive online distribution of recordings of their abuse, as well as online offender discourse about the three survivors, to highlight the ease with which online networks of child sex abusers can predate on victims depicted in child sexual abuse material. The article analyses the extraordinary sociolegal position occupied by child sexual abuse material victims who can be subject to serious ongoing harm with little risk of consequences for the majority of offenders, while legislative efforts to afford them relief and protection continue to be obstructed by a cyber-libertarian coalition of actors in the technology sector, civil society and politics. By exploring how child sexual abuse material survivors are denied their rights to freedom, justice and privacy in the name of those very same rights, we demonstrate how Agamben’s notion of the ‘homo sacer’ makes visible the abject plight of those survivors and the hypocrisy of the internet’s juridical order.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Bespoke AI-generated content acquires value as criminal currency within offender economies, extending circulation and survivor-harm dynamics.
“Such bespoke content also acquires value as criminal currency within offender economies (IWF 2023), extending the circulation and survivor-harm dynamics already documented in previous literature (Page et al. 2025; Salter et al. 2025; Schmidt et al. 2024).”
From Generative AI in child sexual exploitation and abuse: views from UK law enforcement (2026) · cites this paper as Salter et al. 2025
Prior work has shown that CSAM harms are not limited to the moment of original abuse but continue through circulation, viewing, downloading, recontextualisation and re-exposure.
“Prior work has shown that CSAM harms are not limited to the moment of original abuse but continue through circulation, viewing, downloading, recontextualisation and re-exposure (Page et al. 2025; Salter et al. 2025; Schmidt et al. 2024).”
From Generative AI in child sexual exploitation and abuse: views from UK law enforcement (2026) · cites this paper as Salter et al. 2025
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414 · see citing works
Child Molesters' Implicit Theories
WARD, T., & KEENAN, T. (1999) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626099014008003 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Lawless space theory for online child sexual exploitation material offending
Steel, C. M. S., Newman, E., O’Rourke, S., & Quayle, E. (2023) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2022.101809 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Generative AI in child sexual exploitation and abuse: views from UK law enforcement
Demeocq, C., Taylor, A., Ross, B., & McFeeters, A. (2026) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-026-03176-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Salter, M., Richardson, L., Marcoux, J., Neufeld, K. H. S., & Barker, K.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Canadian Centre for Child Protection, Canada
- Venue
- Journal of Gender-Based Violence
- Publisher
- Bristol University Press
- Published
- 2025-07-25
- Pages
- 1-20
- ISSN
- 2398-6808 (ISSN-L)
- 2398-6816
- OpenAlex
- W4412715520
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Gender-Based Violence (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Children's Investment Fund Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Legal and Social Justice Studies
- Keywords
- child pornography, survivors, homo sacer, bare life, Giorgio Agamben, internet governance, privacy, legal protection of victims, women survivors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review