The DOI matches its Crossref record.
‘The vehicle of success’: Theoretical and empirical perspectives on the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy and psychiatry
Abstract
The importance of the 'therapeutic alliance' has long been recognized in psychotherapeutic theory and research, but is also increasingly researched in psychiatry. This paper examines the clinical and empirical literature on the alliance and asks, first, whether the concept is unrecognizably distorted when it travels from the psychoanalytic context to other therapies and to psychiatry, or when translated into research instruments; and, second, how we are to understand the apparent anomaly whereby its proponents have defined it as a 'vehicle' for treatment rather than curative, whereas quantitative research increasingly associates it with outcome. This paper reviews the evolution of the concept in clinical theory, traces the development of empirical research on the subject and considers its use in psychiatry. It argues that the empirical research misleadingly suggests a curative paradigm, and that it may be unable to illuminate some of the clinical controversies, although its implications for theory demand consideration. It argues for the retention of the alliance concept in psychiatry distinct from the broader spectrum of the 'relationship'. Finally, it argues that the debate about the concept's curative properties may, paradoxically, be more pressing within psychotherapy than psychiatry, and endorses calls for more theoretically driven empirical research into the alliance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Potentially, the most important is the lack of a therapeutic alliance developed as is commonly effective within traditional psychotherapeutic delivery (Catty, 2004).”
From Therapeutic games to reduce anxiety and depression in young people: A systematic review and exploratory meta‐analysis of their use and effectiveness. (2024) · cites this paper as Catty, 2004
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Disengagement from mental health services: A literature review
O’Brien, A., Fahmy, R., & Singh, S. P. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0476-0 · Cited by 283
Thompson, L. R., & McCabe, R. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-87 · Cited by 301
A new scale to assess the therapeutic relationship in community mental health care: STAR
McGuire-Snieckus, R., McCabe, R., Catty, J., Hansson, L. I., & Priebe, S. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706009299 · Cited by 267
Self-citationThe therapeutic alliance: A theoretical revision for offender rehabilitation
Ross, L., Polaschek, D. L. L., & Ward, T. J. (2008) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.07.003 · Cited by 232
Andersson, G., Paxling, B., Wiwe, M., Vernmark, K., Felix, C. B., Lundborg, L., Furmark, T., Cuijpers, P., & Carlbring, P. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.003 · Cited by 202
Therapeutic relationships in psychiatry: The basis of therapy or therapy in itself?
Priebe, S., & Mccabe, R. (2008) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260802565257 · Cited by 164
Priebe, S., Richardson, M. A., Cooney, M., Adedeji, O., & McCabe, R. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000320976 · Cited by 161
Salisbury, T. T., Killaspy, H. T., Wright, C., Turton, P., White, S. J., Kallert, T. W., Schuster, M., Cervilla, J. A., Brangier, P., Raboch, J., et al. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-55 · Cited by 134
The Role of Therapist Attachment in Alliance and Outcome: A Systematic Literature Review
Degnan, A., Seymour‐Hyde, A., Harris, A., & Berry, K. (2014) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1937 · Cited by 101
Cataldo, F., Chang, S., Mendoza, A., & Buchanan, G. R. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/19004 · Cited by 109
The Effect of Working Alliance on Adherence and Outcome in Cognitive Remediation Therapy
Huddy, V. C., Reeder, C., Kontis, D., Wykes, T., & Stahl, D. R. (2012) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31825bfc31 · Cited by 82
Measuring patient-reported outcomes in psychosis: conceptual and methodological review
Reininghaus, U., & Priebe, S. (2012) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107615 · Cited by 79
Impact of Exchanges and Client–Therapist Alliance in Online-Text Psychotherapy
Reynolds, D. J., Stiles, W. B., Bailer, A. J., & Hughes, M. R. (2013) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0195 · Cited by 64
Killaspy, H., Johnson, S., Pierce, B., Bebbington, P., Pilling, S., Nolan, F., & King, M. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0472-4 · Cited by 55
Reciprocity in therapeutic relationships: A conceptual review
Sandhu, S., Arcidiacono, E., Aguglia, E., & Priebe, S. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12160 · Cited by 49
Schiepek, G. K., Stöger‐Schmidinger, B., Kronberger, H., Aichhorn, W., Kratzer, L., Heinz, P., Viol, K., Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., & Schöller, H. J. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2384 · Cited by 54
Catty, J., White, S. J., Clement, S., Cowan, N., Geyer, C., Harvey, K., Jones, I. R., McLaren, S., Poole, Z., Rose, D. S., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764011421440 · Cited by 42
Self-citationPriebe, S., Golden, E., Kingdon, D., Omer, S., Walsh, S., Katevas, K., McCrone, P., Eldridge, S. M., & McCabe, R. (2017) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/pgfar05060 · Cited by 40
Cornet, L. J. M., de Kogel, C. H., Nijman, H. L. I., Raine, A., & van der Laan, P. H. (2013) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x13494694 · Cited by 38
The therapeutic relationship in secondary mental health care: a conceptual review of measures
Catty, J., Winfield, H., & Clement, S. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01070.x · Cited by 36
Self-citationMeasures of the Therapeutic Relationship in Severe Psychotic Illness: A Comparison of Two Scales
Bale, R., Catty, J., Watt, H., Greenwood, N., & Burns, T. (2006) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764006067195 · Cited by 34
Self-citationChaby, L., Benamara, A., Pino, M., Prigent, E., Ravenet, B., Martin, J., Vanderstichel, H., Becerril-Ortega, R., Rigaud, A., & Chétouani, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.827312 · Cited by 36
Costa, D. L. D. C., Shavitt, R. G., Cesar, R. C., Joaquim, M. A., Borcato, S., Valério, C., Miguel, E. C., & Diniz, J. B. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.006 · Cited by 33
de Girolamo, G., Rocchetti, M., Benzi, I. M. A., Agosta, S., Casiraghi, L., Ferrari, C., Franceschi, N. D., Macis, A., Pogliaghi, S., & Starace, F. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02588-y · Cited by 32
Caruso, R., Biancosino, B., Borghi, C., Marmai, L., Kerr, I. B., & Grassi, L. G. (2013) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-012-9579-x · Cited by 30
Richardson, M. A., Katsakou, C., Torres‐González, F., Onchev, G., Kallert, T. W., & Priebe, S. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.020 · Cited by 30
Lamers, A., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2014) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104514542304 · Cited by 28
Predictors of engagement in first-episode psychosis
Casey, D. E., Brown, L., Gajwani, R., Islam, Z., Jasani, R., Parsons, H. M., Tah, P., Birchwood, M. J., & Singh, S. P. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.030 · Cited by 27
The Therapeutic Alliance: Implications for Therapeutic Process and Therapeutic Goals
Arnd‐Caddigan, M. (2011) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-011-9183-3 · Cited by 26
The relationship of therapeutic alliance to outcome in wilderness treatment
Harper, N. J. (2009) · Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · doi:10.1080/14729670802460866 · Cited by 24
Treatment alliance and adherence in bipolar disorder
Chakrabarti, S. (2018) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v8.i5.114 · Cited by 32
Helping alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: What predicts what in routine outpatient treatment?
Puschner, B., Wolf, M., & Kraft, S. (2008) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300701367984 · Cited by 29
Catty, J., Cowan, N., Poole, Z., Ellis, G., Geyer, C., Lissouba, P., White, S. J., & Burns, T. (2011) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2010.02011.x · Cited by 23
Self-citationCase managers’ perspectives on the therapeutic alliance: a qualitative study
Nath, S. B., Alexander, L. B., & Solomon, P. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0483-z · Cited by 22
Garber-Epstein, P., Zisman‐Ilani, Y., Levine, S. Z., & Roe, D. (2013) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000026 · Cited by 21
Catty, J., Koletsi, M., White, S. J., Becker, T. M., Fioritti, A., Kalkan, R., Lauber, C., Lissouba, P., Wulf Rössler, A., Tomov, T., et al. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0163-9 · Cited by 19
Self-citationSweeney, A., Clement, S., Gribble, K., Jackson, E., Carr, S., Catty, J., & Gillard, S. (2019) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12844 · Cited by 18
Self-citationHendriksen, M., Van, R., Peen, J., Oudejans, S. C. C., Schoevers, R. A., & Dekker, J. (2010) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2010.493539 · Cited by 18
Wykes, T., Rose, D. S., Williams, P. R., & David, A. S. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-28 · Cited by 17
Andrews, M., Baker, A., Halpin, S. A., Lewin, T. J., RICHMOND, R. L., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., Filia, S., Castle, D. J., Williams, J. M., Clark, V. L., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000585 · Cited by 16
Experiences of Continuity of Care and Health and Social Outcomes: The ECHO Study
Ahmed, N. (2008) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · Cited by 16
Svanborg, C., Bäärnhielm, S., Åberg Wistedt, A., & Lützen, K. (2008) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-8-52 · Cited by 14
Attachment Theory and Substance Abuse: Etiological Links
Cihan, A., Winstead, D. A., Laulis, J., & Feit, M. D. (2014) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2014.908592 · Cited by 15
Vandenbergen, J., Vanheule, S., Rosseel, Y., Desmet, M., & Verhaeghe, P. (2008) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608308x332401 · Cited by 15
Eve, Z., Turner, M., Di Basilio, D., Harkin, B., Yates, A., Persson, S., Henry, J., Williams, A., Walton, G., Jones, M. V., et al. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2938 · Cited by 14
Marchi, M., Venturi, G., Visentini, C., Pinelli, M., Priebe, S., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02581-2 · Cited by 16
Process and outcomes of a skin protection intervention for young adults
Heckman, C. J., Zhu, F., Manne, S. L., Kloss, J. D., Collins, B. N., Bass, S. B., & Lessin, S. R. (2012) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105312449193 · Cited by 13
Abdulrahman, A., & Richards, D. (2021) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti5090056 · Cited by 11
Sweeney, A., Fahmy, S., Nolan, F., Morant, N. J., Fox, Z. V., Lloyd‐Evans, B., Osborn, D., Burgess, E., Gilburt, H., McCabe, R., et al. (2014) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr02220 · Cited by 11
Hentschel, U. (2005) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-005-0446-x · Cited by 11
Whittle, H. J., Kiely, E., Millard, I., Jadhav, S., & Killaspy, H. T. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06140-0 · Cited by 10
Exploring Psychotherapy with Discourse Analysis
Madill, A. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088470-4/50005-3 · Cited by 10
Loos, S., Kilian, R., Becker, T. M., Janssen, B., Freyberger, H. J., Spießl, H., Grempler, J., Priebe, S., & Puschner, B. (2011) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000105 · Cited by 10
A Relational Model for Spiritually-Sensitive Hospice Care
Callahan, A. M. (2013) · Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care · doi:10.1080/15524256.2013.794051 · Cited by 8
Cataldo, F., Mendoza, A., Chang, S., Buchanan, G. R., & Dam, N. T. V. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/40542 · Cited by 9
Ådnanes, M., Kaasbøll, J., Kaspersen, S. L., & Krane, V. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11157-y · Cited by 7
Les relations thérapeutiques en psychiatrie hospitalière
Salamin, V., Clément, O., Zimmermann, G., Follack, C., Perrenoud, P., & Bickel, G. G. (2008) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2007.10.018 · Cited by 7
Nesbitt, B., Virgadamo, D. S., Aguirre, C. A., DeCamp, M. W., Dredze, M. H., Harrigian, K., Lhaksampa, T. C., Meuchel, J. M., Meyer, A. M., Walker, A., et al. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/63279 · Cited by 5
Sexual fulfilment, wellbeing and risk considerations for people with sexual attractions to children
Woodward, E., Lievesley, R., Harper, C. A., & McDermott, D. T. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107037 · Cited by 6
Warhit, A., Ahern, M., Turman, M. L., Emrich, M., Avery, J., Raso, R., Difede, J., & Penzner, J. B. (2021) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-021-01456-5 · Cited by 5
Liber, J., van der Leeden, A. J. M., Sauter, F., & Treffers, P. D. (2007) · Kind en adolescent · doi:10.1007/bf03061007 · Cited by 4
Unexplained Chronic Fatigue and Interpersonal Problems: A Study in a Primary Care Population
Vandenbergen, J., Vanheule, S., Desmet, M., & Verhaeghe, P. (2009) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pm.39.3.h · Cited by 4
Matejkowski, J. C., & Severson, M. E. (2020) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101568 · Cited by 4
Emotional Intelligence And Decision-Making As Predictors Of Antisocial Behavior
Sample, M. (2017) · Digital Commons - Andrews University (Andrews University) · doi:10.32597/dissertations/1632 · Cited by 4
Integration of Cognitive and Emotional Processing Predicts Poor and Good Outcomes of Psychotherapy
de Felice, G., Giuliani, A., Andreassi, S., Orsucci, F. F., Schöller, H. J., Aichhorn, W., Kratzer, L., & Schiepek, G. K. (2021) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-021-09519-2 · Cited by 3
Hypnose et thérapies brèves, normes et liberté
Aïm, P., & Kahn, J. (2012) · L information psychiatrique · doi:10.1684/ipe.2012.0977 · Cited by 3
A Relational Psychoanalytic Model for Case Management: A Literature Review
Cait, C.-A., & Koplowitz, S. M. (2006) · Psychoanalytic Social Work · doi:10.1300/j032v13n01_04 · Cited by 3
Versaevel, C., Samama, D., Jeanson, R., Lajugie, C., Dufeutrel, L., Defromont, L., Lebouteiller, V., Danel, T., Duhamel, A., Génin, M., et al. (2013) · L'Encephale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2012.11.010 · Cited by 4
Vernmark, K. (2017) · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-142389 · Cited by 3
Miller, L., Lhaksampa, T. C., Walker, A., Aguirre, C. A., DeCamp, M. W., Harrigian, K., Meuchel, J. M., Meyer, A. M., Nesbitt, B., Sthapit, S., et al. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/74212 · Cited by 2
Reengineering eADVICE for Long Waitlists: A Tale of Two Systems and Conditions
Richards, D., Caldwell, P. H. Y., Abdulrahman, A., Huben, A. V., Waters, K. A., & Scott, K. M. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13142785 · Cited by 2
Graz, B., Bangerter, G., Stantzos, A., & Grivois, H. (2015) · Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1891/1559-4343.17.1.45 · Cited by 2
Donald, D. U., & Oluwatelure, F. A. (2016) · Clinical and Experimental Psychology · doi:10.4172/2471-2701.1000122 · Cited by 2
Presence and Lingering: Psychoanalysis in a Mindfulness Frame
Li, C. (2019) · Language and Psychoanalysis · doi:10.7565/landp.v8i1.1590 · Cited by 2
Baylar, E., & Yurtsever, S. S. (2025) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1561473 · Cited by 1
Alcorano, J. H. (2023) · American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation · doi:10.54536/ajmri.v2i2.1344 · Cited by 1
Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis
Sadler, J. Z. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876830.001.0001 · Cited by 1
The Influence of the Therapeutic Alliance on Treatment Adherence
Dicker, R., & Hodge, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58141-0_12 · Cited by 2
Toward a Holistic Approach to Treatment and Support for People with Attractions to Children
Lievesley, R., Harper, C. A., & Woodward, E. (2025) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-025-00403-x · Cited by 3
Reeh, H. E. (2010) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 1
Reforming the U.S. health care system: improving coverage, quality, and efficiency
Davis, K. C. (2005) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Recovery from dysthymia and panic disorder : Options and obstacles
Svanborg, C. (2008) · Figshare
Byrne, M. K. (2008) · Research Online (University of Wollongong)
Vandenbergen, J., Vanheule, S., Desmet, M., & Verhaeghe, P. (2009)
A Model Of Engagement For Correctional Practice
Gannaway, L. (2018) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17134439
A MODEL OF ENGAGEMENT FOR CORRECTIONAL PRACTICE
Gannaway, L. (2018) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17134439.v1
Hypnose et thérapies brèves, normes et liberté
Aïm, P., & Kahn, J. (2012) · L information psychiatrique · doi:10.3917/inpsy.8809.0711
Bowins, B. E. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85049-0.00026-x
Kumar, R., Chakrabarti, S., & Ghosh, A. (2022) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i6.814
(2015) · Vuibert eBooks · doi:10.3917/vuib.aim.2015.01.0245
Deepening the analysis of the vice/mental disorder relationship
Sadler, J. Z. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876830.003.0008
Vice and mental illness—an ancient-to-modern iconography
Sadler, J. Z. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876830.003.0004
Introductions literal and metaphorical
Sadler, J. Z. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876830.003.0001
The public interest context of the VMDR
Sadler, J. Z. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876830.003.0007
Conceptual paradoxes in vice and mental disorder
Sadler, J. Z. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876830.003.0003
Forty theses: Conclusions, implications, and prescriptions
Sadler, J. Z. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876830.003.0009
(2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876830.002.0004
Metadata
- Authors
- Catty, J.
- Affiliations
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Catty, Jocelyn
- ORCID
- Catty, Jocelyn
- Venue
- Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 255-272
- ISSN
- 1476-0835 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8341
- OpenAlex
- W2153640284
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Keywords
- therapeutic relationship, psychotherapy, psychiatry, psychoanalytic theory, treatment outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Models, Psychological, Professional-Patient Relations, Psychotherapeutic Processes, Transference, Psychology, Treatment Outcome, Biomedical Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review