The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Use and distribution of organochlorine pesticides. The future in Africa
Open accessAbstract
Pesticides have been used in the continent for about eight decades. Major use has been in agriculture, livestock development, and disease vectors control. Recent international conventions have been made with little scientific data and information on the tropical situation. Rapid development of resistance to pesticides demands better scientific understanding of pest management. Tropical research data on organochlorine pesticides show rapid degradation pattern, low residue levels, and widespread distribution. Given the above, there is a need to factor into consideration tropical climatological calamities in any future pesticide policy. Continued use of pesticides is anticipated in the tropics.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Half-lives of DDT have been reported in the range of 3–7 months in tropical soils (Varca and Magallona 1994; Wandiga 2001) and up to 15 years in temperate soils (Ritter et al. 1995).”
From Global Status of DDT and Its Alternatives for Use in Vector Control to Prevent Disease (2009) · cites this paper as Wandiga 2001
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Reis, T. H. (2017) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781783477210.v.33 · Cited by 26
Kaigwara, P. N., Wandiga, S. O., & Lalah, J. O. (2002) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203165584.ch4 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- C. D. Foxall. Swara 6, 25 (1983).
- L. M. A. Okedi. Evaluation of resistance to insectides in the mosquito larvae of Anopheles gam- bie Giles and its control by two microbial bacteria pathogens. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Kenya (1988).
- C. A. Edwards. "Pesticides residues in soil and water". In Environmental Pollution by Pesticides, Plenum Press, London (1973).
- S. O. Wandiga. "Organochlorine pesticides: Curse or blessing in tropical agriculture?" In Environment and Development, S. O. Wandiga and N. L. Abuodha (Eds.), pp. 62-92, Kenya National Academy of Sciences, Public Lecture Series, KNAS Press, Nairobi, Kenya (1996).
- S. O. Wandiga, P. O Yugi, M. W. Barasa, I. O. Jumba, J. O. Lalah. Environ. Technol. (2001). In press.
- J. L. Lincer, D. Zabkind, L. H. Brown, J. Hopcraft. J. Appl. Ecol. 18, 157 (1981).
- S. O. Wandiga, J. O. Lalah, P. N. Kaigwara. "Pesticides in Kenya". In Distribution, Fate and Effects of Pesticides in Tropical Coastal Zones, F. P. Carvalho, S. Klein, M. D. Taylor (Eds.), IAEA. In press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Global Status of DDT and Its Alternatives for Use in Vector Control to Prevent Disease
van den Berg, H. (2009) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0900785 · Cited by 376
RETRACTED: Remediation techniques for elimination of heavy metal pollutants from soil: A review
Azhar, U., Ahmad, H., Shafqat, H., Babar, M., Munir, H. M. S., Sagir, M., Arif, M. Z., Hassan, A., Rachmadona, N., Rajendran, S., et al. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113918 · Cited by 304
RetractedSynergistic Effects of Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Living Systems
Singh, N., Gupta, V. K., Kumar, A., & Sharma, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2017.00070 · Cited by 278
Bilal, M., Iqbal, H. M. N., & Barceló, D. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133896 · Cited by 266
Varjani, S., Kumar, G., & Rene, E. R. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.043 · Cited by 244
Daam, M. A., & den Brink, P. J. V. (2009) · Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1007/s10646-009-0402-6 · Cited by 224
Gwenzi, W., & Chaukura, N. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.121 · Cited by 179
STUMP, A. D., ATIELI, F. K., VULULE, J. M., & BESANSKY, N. J. (2004) · The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.70.591 · Cited by 168
K'oreje, K. O., Kandie, F. J., Vergeynst, L., Abira, M. A., Langenhove, H. R. V., Okoth, M. O., & Demeestere, K. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.331 · Cited by 150
Pinto, J., Lynd, A., Vicente, J. L., Santolamazza, F., Randle, N., Gentile, G., Moreno, M., Simard, F., Charlwood, J. D., do Rosário, V. E., et al. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001243 · Cited by 122
Deribe, E., Rosseland, B. O., Borgstrøm, R., Salbu, B., Gebremariam, Z., Dadebo, E., Norli, H. R., & Eklo, O. M. (2011) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.008 · Cited by 115
Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil
Tarla, D. N., Erickson, L. E., Hettiarachchi, G. M., Amadi, S. I., Galkaduwa, M. B., Davis, L. C., Nurzhanova, A. A., & Pidlisnyuk, V. V. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10041217 · Cited by 107
Pesticides Induced Oxidative Stress In Mammalian Systems: A Review
Agrawal, A., & Sharma, B. (2010) · Cited by 98
Loha, K. M., Lamoree, M. H., Weiss, J. M., & de Boer, J. (2018) · Crop Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2018.06.014 · Cited by 91
Global status of DDT and its alternatives for use in vector control to prevent disease
van den Berg, H. (2011) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/s1413-81232011000200021 · Cited by 85
Veludo, A. F., Figueiredo, D. M., Degrendele, C., Masinyana, L., Curchod, L., Kohoutek, J., Kukučka, P., Martiník, J., Příbylová, P., Klánová, J., et al. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133162 · Cited by 77
Disposal of obsolete pesticides, the case of Ethiopia
Haylamicheal, I. D., & Dalvie, M. A. (2008) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.11.004 · Cited by 76
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Africa: Egyptian scenario
Mansour, S. A. (2009) · Human & Experimental Toxicology · doi:10.1177/0960327109347048 · Cited by 70
Henry, L., & Kishimba, M. A. (2005) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.06.029 · Cited by 68
Organochlorine Residues in Fish and Water Samples from Lake Victoria, Uganda
Kasozi, G. N., Kiremire, B. T., Bugenyi, F. W. B., Kirsch, N. H., & Nkedi‐Kizza, P. (2006) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2005.0222 · Cited by 67
Westbom, R., Hussen, A., Megersa, N., Retta, N., Mathiasson, L., & Björklund, E. (2008) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.041 · Cited by 65
Tripet, F., WRIGHT, J., Cornel, A., Fofana, A., McAbee, R. D., MENESES, C., Reimer, L. J., Slotman, M., Thiemann, T. C., Dolo, G., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.81 · Cited by 63
Atmospheric Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Ghana
Hogarh, J. N., Seike, N., Kobara, Y., & Masunaga, S. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es2035762 · Cited by 61
Assessing the Risks of Pesticide Exposure: Implications for Endocrine Disruption and Male Fertility
Uwamahoro, C., Jo, J.-H., Jang, S.-I., Jung, E.-J., Lee, W.-J., Bae, J.-W., & Kwon, W. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25136945 · Cited by 60
Fate Processes of Chlorobenzenes in Soil and Potential Remediation Strategies: A Review
Brahushi, F., Kengara, F. O., Song, Y., Jiang, X., Munch, J. C., & Wang, F. (2017) · Pedosphere · doi:10.1016/s1002-0160(17)60338-2 · Cited by 58
Legacy and currently used pesticides in the atmospheric environment of Lake Victoria, East Africa
Arinaitwe, K., Kiremire, B. T., Muir, D. C. G., Fellin, P., Li, H., Teixeira, C. F., & Mubiru, D. N. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.146 · Cited by 55
Ndunda, E. N., Madadi, V. O., & Wandiga, S. O. (2018) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3398-8 · Cited by 55
Self-citationPardío, V. T., Martínez, D. I., Flores‐Primo, A., Romero, D., Suárez, V., López-Hernández, K. M., & Uscanga-Serrano, R. (2012) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.079 · Cited by 48
Geographic Differences in Persistent Organic Pollutant Levels of Yellowfin Tuna
Nicklisch, S. C. T., Bonito, L. T., Sandin, S. A., & Hamdoun, A. M. (2017) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp518 · Cited by 45
Modeling Evidence of Episodic Intercontinental Long-Range Transport of Lindane
Zhang, L., Ma, J., Venkatesh, S., Li, Y.-F., & Cheung, P. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es801271b · Cited by 39
Materu, S. F., Heise, S., & Urban, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.599814 · Cited by 35
Teklit, G. A. (2016) · Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.4172/2161-0525.1000342 · Cited by 31
Survey of pesticide residues in maize, cowpea and millet from northern Cameroon: part I
Jean, S., Ngassoum, M. B., Tchatchueng, J. B., Srivastava, A. K., & Srivastava, L. P. (2010) · Food Additives and Contaminants Part B · doi:10.1080/19393210.2010.503329 · Cited by 29
Muendo, B. M., Lalah, J. O., & Getenga, Z. M. (2012) · Environment Systems & Decisions · doi:10.1007/s10669-012-9407-4 · Cited by 28
Pouokam, G. B. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.84566 · Cited by 27
Phosiri, P., Santaladchaiyakit, Y., & Burakham, R. (2022) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463111 · Cited by 26
Baguma, G., Bamanya, G., Gonzaga, A., Onen, P., & Wycliffe, A. (2023) · Pollutants · doi:10.3390/pollutants3040037 · Cited by 25
Mahugija, J. A. M., Henkelmann, B., & Schramm, K. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.052 · Cited by 25
Arinaitwe, K., Rose, N. L., Muir, D. C. G., Kiremire, B. T., Balirwa, J. S., & Teixeira, C. F. (2015) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.061 · Cited by 24
Bettinetti, R., Quadroni, S., Crosa, G. A., Harper, D. M., Dickie, J., Kyalo‐Omamo, M., Mavuti, K. M., & Galassi, S. (2011) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0142-8 · Cited by 24
Gamma radiolytic decomposition of endosulfan in aerated solution: the role of carbonate radical
Shah, N. S., Khan, J. A., Al-Muhtaseb, A. H., Sayed, M., & Khan, H. M. (2016) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6415-9 · Cited by 24
Acacia etbaica as a Potential Low-Cost Adsorbent for Removal of Organochlorine Pesticides from Water
Gebrekidan, A., Teferi, M., Dejene, T. A., Gebrehiwet, K., Tesfay, A. H., Amare, K., Deckers, J., & der Bruggen, B. V. (2015) · Journal of Water Resource and Protection · doi:10.4236/jwarp.2015.73022 · Cited by 24
Mungai, T. M., & Wang, J. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16162937 · Cited by 23
Phosiri, P., Santaladchaiyakit, Y., & Burakham, R. (2023) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464494 · Cited by 22
Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides in a tropical lake basin
Sharip, Z., Hashim, N., & Suratman, S. (2017) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-017-6274-y · Cited by 21
Marco, J. A. M., & Kishimba, M. A. (2007) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.026 · Cited by 21
Onyando, Z., Omukunda, E., OKOTH, P. K., Khatiebi, S., Omwoma, S., Otieno, P., Osano, O., & Lalah, J. O. (2023) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture13061178 · Cited by 19
Pesticides and lipids occurrence in Tangier agricultural soil (northern Morocco)
Bakouri, H. E., Aassiri, A., Morillo, J., Usero, J., Khaddor, M., & Ouassini, A. (2008) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.08.009 · Cited by 19
Shinggu, D. Y., Maitera, O. N., & Barminas, J. T. (2015) · International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.9734/irjpac/2015/17100 · Cited by 18
Rainwater, T. R., Sauther, M. L., Rainwater, K. A. E., Mills, R. E., Cuozzo, F. P., Zhang, B., McDaniel, L. N., Abel, M. T., Marsland, E. J., Weber, M. A., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20742 · Cited by 18
Various Techniques for Atrazine Removal
Pathak, R. K., & Dikshit, A. K. (2011) · Cited by 17
Malarvannan, G., Poma, G., & Covaci, A. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109187 · Cited by 16
Towards sustainable management of soil biodiversity in agricultural landscapes in Africa
Sileshi, G. W., Akinnifesi, F. K., Ajayi, O. C., Chakeredza, S., Mng’omba, S., & Nyoka, B. I. (2008) · Biodiversity · doi:10.1080/14888386.2008.9712886 · Cited by 15
Gebrekidan, A., Nicolai, H., Vincken, L., Teferi, M., Dejene, T. A., Dejenie, T. A., Zerabruk, S., Gebrehiwet, K., Bauer, H., Deckers, J., et al. (2012) · CLEAN - Soil Air Water · doi:10.1002/clen.201200042 · Cited by 15
Udoekpo, I. U., Inyangudoh, A. I., Awa-Arua, T. A., Ogwo, E. I., Offiong, N. O., Inam, E., & Halsall, C. J. (2024) · Toxicology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101843 · Cited by 14
Munjanja, B. K., Nomngongo, P. N., & Mketo, N. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2222010 · Cited by 14
Bigot, M., Curran, M. A. J., Moy, A. D., Muir, D. C. G., Hawker, D. W., Cropp, R., Teixeira, C. F., & Nash, S. B. (2016) · The Cryosphere · doi:10.5194/tc-10-2533-2016 · Cited by 14
Hamza, W. (2014) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/57381 · Cited by 13
Effects of Farm Pesticides on Water Quality in Lake Naivasha, Kenya
Kaoga, J., Ouma, G. O., & Abuom, P. O. (2013) · American Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.3923/ajpp.2013.105.113 · Cited by 12
Sorption/desorption of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane(4,4′-DDT) on a sandy loam soil
Erdem, Z., & Cutright, T. J. (2015) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-015-4262-7 · Cited by 10
Shinggu, D. Y., Maitera, O. N., & Barminas, J. T. (2014) · International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.9734/irjpac/2015/13199 · Cited by 10
Evidence of non-DDD pathway in the anaerobic degradation of DDT in tropical soil
Kengara, F. O., Dörfler, U., Welzl, G., Munch, J. C., & Schroll, R. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04331-x · Cited by 9
Onjewu, A. K. E., Jafari‐Sadeghi, V., & Hussain, S. (2022) · International Journal of Technological Learning Innovation and Development · doi:10.1504/ijtlid.2022.10045687 · Cited by 9
Ezeani, U. U., Onyemaechi, J. A., Michael, C. E., & Ben, E. E. (2022) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences · doi:10.5897/jtehs2021.0493 · Cited by 8
Dye‐Braumuller, K. C., Fredregill, C., & Debboun, M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814545-6.00008-0 · Cited by 8
Assessment of Potential Risks and Effectiveness of Agrochemical Usage in a Catchment
Lalah, J. O., Omwoma, S., Osano, F. O., Mukunda, E., Shivoga, W. S., Wafubwa, G., Muyekho, D., & Schramm, K. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816155-5.00016-6 · Cited by 6
Zekeya, N. M., Mbega, E. R., & Ndossi, H. (2020) · Journal of Animal Science and Research · doi:10.16966/2576-6457.139 · Cited by 5
DDT as Anti-Malaria Tool: The Bull in the China Shop or the Elephant in the Room?
Prato, M., Polimeni, M., & Giribaldi, G. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/53241 · Cited by 4
Bhalla, G., Bhalla, B., Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Saruchi, S., Upadhye, V. J., & Pathak, D. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90893-1.00011-8 · Cited by 2
Ashun, E., & Tagoe, N. D. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis · doi:10.11648/j.ijema.20241204.11 · Cited by 2
A review of the 1992-1993 Yellow Fever outbreak in Kenya and future management options.
Rynn, C. J. (2007) · Journal of rural and tropical public health · Cited by 2
Environmental Pollution by Heavy Metals in Sub-Saharan Africa
(2023) · Advances in environmental engineering and green technologies book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7116-6.ch003 · Cited by 1
Zhang, T., Lv, L., Cui, S., Qi, W., Liu, X., Chang, J. H., & Gao, H. (2025) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-025-02822-0 · Cited by 1
DDT residue concentrations and distribution in fish from Sanyati and Munyati river, Zimbabwe
Mhlanga, W., & Gwisai, R. D. (2023) · EQA - International Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.6092/issn.2281-4485/18393 · Cited by 1
Mbusnum, K. G. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3ba84cb0z86d1z42fbza479za23d5c777f0b · Cited by 1
Omolo, K. M. (2012) · Abstracts of postgraduate thesis
Ong'anda, H. O., Massa, H. S., Makopa, J., Gwada, P., Nguli, M., Mwaguni, S. M., Gachanja, A. N., Machua, S., Munga, D., Kamau, J., et al. (2006)
Norton, R. A. I. (2013) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)
Synergistic Effects of Titanium (IV) Oxide Modified Clay for Disinfection and Purification of Water
Ojok, D., Wandiga, S. O., & Abong'o, D. (2004)
Self-citationAyub, N., & Rafique, U. (2019) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.5004/dwt.2019.23658
An auditory advantage of Rdl -resistant mosquitoes may promote its persistence in urban environmentsPreprint
Sangbakembi-Ngounou, C., Bagi, J., Doran, E., Gonetomy, Y. G., Mbiko-Tanza, J., Tytheridge, S. J., Quinn, C., Ayala, D., Nolan, T., & Andrés, M. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.20.726456
Rahayu, S. L., & Ardyansyah, A. (2026) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-5320-3_12
Verdín-Betancourt, F. A., Romero‐Bañuelos, C. A., Rojas‐García, A. E., Bernal-Hernández, Y. Y., Barrón-Vivanco, B. S., González-Arias, C. A., Ruíz-Arias, M. A., Ponce-Vélez, G., Herrera‐Moreno, J. F., Bastidas-Bastidas, P. D. J., et al. (2026) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-026-01211-7
Pyrethroids in Sustainable Environment: A Natural Product for Crop Protection
Sen, K., Islam, S. S., Pal, K., Patar, S., Bhattacharya, S., Dutta, S., Ghosh, K., & Halder, S. K. (2026) · Environmental Quality Management · doi:10.1002/tqem.70466
Metadata
- Authors
- Wandiga, S. O.
- Affiliations
- 1Kenya National Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39450, Nairobi, Kenya
- Corresponding author
- Wandiga, Shem O.
- ORCID
- Wandiga, Shem O.
- Venue
- Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2001-07-01
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1147-1155
- ISSN
- 0033-4545 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-3075
- OpenAlex
- W2145863327
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Pure and Applied Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- organochlorine pesticides, pesticide use, pesticide distribution, Africa, agricultural pest control, livestock development, vector control, pesticide resistance, pesticide residues, pesticide degradation, pesticide policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review