Examining Sense of Belonging Among First-Year Undergraduates From Different Racial/Ethnic Groups
Abstract
This study examined sense of belonging among a national sample of 2,967 first-year students. Guided by the work of Hurtado and Carter (1997), relationships between several aspects of the college environment and sense of belonging were examined. Findings indicated that African American, Hispanic/Latino, and Asian Pacific American students reported a less strong sense of belonging than White/Caucasian students. The social dimensions of the transition to college and residence hall climate and perceptions of the campus racial climate had strong significant relationships to students' sense of belonging. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
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Students of color have consistently reported less sense of belonging compared to White students.
“Research within STEM has also shown that students of color have consistently reported less sense of belonging compared to White students (Good et al., 2012;Johnson et al., 2007;Johnson, 2012).”
From The Importance of STEM Sense of Belonging and Academic Hope in Enhancing Persistence for Low-Income, Underrepresented STEM Students (2024) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 2007
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Kahu, E. R. (2013) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2011.598505 · Cited by 2,103 · see citing works
Johnson, D. R. (2012) · Journal of College Student Development · doi:10.1353/csd.2012.0028 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citationMurphy, M. C., & Zirkel, S. (2015) · Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811511701204 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Means, D. R., & Pyne, K. B. (2017) · Journal of College Student Development · doi:10.1353/csd.2017.0071 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Azmitia, M., Syed, M., & Radmacher, K. (2013) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12037 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Maton, K. I., Beason, T. S., Godsay, S., Sto. Domingo, M. R., Bailey, T. C., Sun, S., & Hrabowski, F. A. (2016) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.16-01-0062 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Hansen, M. J., Palakal, M. J., & White, L. (2024) · Journal for STEM Education Research · doi:10.1007/s41979-023-00096-8 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Exploring Sense of Belonging among Black International Students at an HBCU
George Mwangi, C. A. (2016) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v6i4.332 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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Mignone, P. O. (2025) · The Journal of College and University Student Housing · doi:10.71348/001c.142695
- Authors
- Johnson, D. R., Soldner, M., Leonard, J. B., Alvarez, P., Inkelas, K. K., Rowan-Kenyon, H. T., & Longerbeam, S. D.
- Venue
- Journal of College Student Development
- Publisher
- Project MUSE
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 525-542
- ISSN
- 0897-5264 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-3382
- OpenAlex
- W2155310736
- Cited by
- 694
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 43.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of college student development (publishedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Career Development and Diversity
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- sense of belonging, first-year students, racial and ethnic differences, African American students, Hispanic/Latino students, transition to college, campus racial climate, university environment
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