The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The household registration system and social stratification in China: 1955–1996
Open accessAbstract
The Chinese household registration system (hukou), which divides the population into “agricultural” and “nonagricultural” sectors, may be the most important determinant of differential privileges in state socialist China, determining access to good jobs, education for one’s children, housing, health care, and even the right to move to a city. Transforming one’s hukou status from rural to urban is a central aspect of upward social mobility. Using data from a 1996 national probability sample, we show that education and membership in the Chinese Communist Party are the main determinants of such mobility.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass.
Fernandez, R. M., Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2074502 · Cited by 6,193
Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal
Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2938462 · Cited by 5,583
Lee, E. S. (1966) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2060063 · Cited by 4,535
Castles, S., de Haas, H., & Miller, M. J. (2014) · doi:10.1007/978-0-230-36639-8 · Cited by 3,363
A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status
Ganzeboom, H. B. G., De Graaf, P. M., & Treiman, D. J. (1992) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/0049-089x(92)90017-b · Cited by 3,129
Self-citationAllison, P. (1984) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412984195 · Cited by 2,150
The Hukou System and Rural-Urban Migration in China: Processes and Changes
Chan, K. W., & Zhang, L. (1999) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741000001351 · Cited by 1,304
Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries
Lawton, D., Shavit, Y., & Blossfeld, H. P. (1994) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121687 · Cited by 1,114
Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market
Solinger, D. J. (1999) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520922617 · Cited by 1,079
Persistent inequality : changing educational attainment in thirteen countries
Shavit, Y., & Blossfeld, H. (1993) · Westview Press eBooks · Cited by 1,025
Cited by
Rural land system reforms in China: History, issues, measures and prospects
Zhou, Y., Li, X., & Liu, Y. (2020) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104330 · Cited by 420
The Chinese General Social Survey (2003-8): Sample Designs and Data Evaluation
Bian, Y., & Li, L. (2012) · Chinese Sociological Review · doi:10.2753/csa2162-0555450104 · Cited by 275
The Effects of Grandparents on Children’s Schooling: Evidence From Rural China
Zeng, Z., & Xie, Y. (2014) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-013-0275-4 · Cited by 272
Cohabitation in China: Trends and Determinants
Yu, J., & Xie, Y. (2015) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00087.x · Cited by 165
The Effect of Sibship Size on Educational Attainment in China: Period Variations
Lu, Y., & Treiman, D. J. (2008) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240807300506 · Cited by 120
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Wu, X., & Treiman, D. J.
- Venue
- Demography
- Publisher
- Duke University Press
- Published
- 2004-05-01
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 363-384
- ISSN
- 0070-3370 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-7790
- OpenAlex
- W2131777726
- Cited by
- 745
- References
- 72
- FWCI
- 51.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The household registration system and social stratification in China: 1955–1996. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1353/dem.2004.0010
- The paper
- Wu, X., & Treiman, D. J. (2004). The household registration system and social stratification in China: 1955–1996. Demography. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2004.0010
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
