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Jockey and Jenny: English Broadside Ballads and the Invention of Scottishness
Open accessAbstract
throughout the political culture of england in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries runs an oscillating but continuous thread of anti-Scots prejudice.The turbulent and often violent encounters that characterized relations between the kingdoms of Britain in this period did much to fan the flames of English hostility.Three principal charges were leveled against the Scots in various combinations at various times.In the first place, they were poverty-stricken beggars who swarmed south seeking to profit from the honors, lands, and titles that flowed from the honeypots of royal patronage and political power.In the second place, they were dissenters from the true Church, traitors to the Crown, and ultimately rebels against the State whose resistance frequently turned to armed insurrection as successively Presbyterians, Covenanters, and then Jacobites.Finally, they were crude barbarians whose strange speech, Jockey and Jenny: English Broadside Ballads and the Invention of Scottishness Adam Fox abstract This essay examines the images of Scots portrayed in English broadside ballads of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.On the one hand, ballads on political themes most often portrayed the "blue caps" of Scotland as traitors and rebels.On the other hand, the wooing ballads of the period promoted an idealized "north country" as backdrop to the amorous adventures of "Jockey" and "Jenny." Adam Fox argues that the "Scotch" tunes composed for songbooks, plays, and broadsides in London during the late seventeenth century came to be adopted by the popular press in Scotland as it developed over the following generations.As a result, melodies of English provenance were naturalized north of the border and entered the repertoire of "Caledonian airs" that were to become such a defining feature of Scottish culture in the Georgian age.eywords: late seventeenthcentury popular music; Scottish stereotypes; Thomas D'Urfey; Martin Parker; cultural influence of ballads 1640, a number of them deriding the "blue caps." In particular, Martin Parker was the author of, as one hostile newsbook put it, "many base ballads against the Scots." 5 Among them, "A True Subjects Wish" deplored how "Jocky with his bonnet blew, / both Crown and Scepter would subdue."6 His "Britaines Honour.In the two Valiant Welchmen, who fought against fifteene thousand Scots" was published in early September 1640, immediately after the humiliation of the English army at Newburn and the loss of Newcastle.A copy was produced by one of the company who were playing cards at the widow Black's in St. Martin's Lane the following month, who said it was a "ballad lately printed" that he had "sent into Scotland with other letters where it would make very good sport." 7 Other sideswipes in song were made at the rebellious blue caps during the 1640s and 1650s, including "The Turne of Time, " of about 1648, and "Jockies Lamentation, " licensed to Francis Grove in 1657, and still being printed for Wright, Clarke, Thackeray, and Passinger in the early 1680s.The Scots' crowning of Charles II at Scone in January 1651, in return for his agreement to their terms, aroused particular ire south of the border.The broadside ballad "Articles of Agreement betwixt Prince Charles and the Parliament of Scotland" was one response.Another was the satirical print Old Sayings and Predictions Verified and Fulfilled, which depicts a Scots Presbyterian minister holding Charles's nose to a grindstone while one of his countrymen turns the handle.Above the image a verse begins: "I Jockey turne the stone of all your plots, / For none turnes faster then the turne-coat Scots."Traces of the contemporary hand coloring on the British Museum copy still reveal the blue hue in which Jockey's cap was rendered.8 Another flurry of anti-Scottish balladry was prompted by the murder of James Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrews, in May 1679 at the hands of radical Presbyterians.Soon afterward, some eight thousand covenanters in the southwest of Scotland rose up against the regime of Charles II. 9 The English army, led by the Duke of Monmouth, joined by local forces under Sir John Graham of Claverhouse, defeated the rebels at the battle of Bothwell Bridge in June. 10 It would be more than a year, however, before the ballads and the invention of scottishness 203
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TL;DR
Adam Fox argues that English broadside ballads of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries both circulated anti-Scots stereotypes—blue caps as beggars, rebels, and barbarians—and promoted an idealized “north country” of Jockey and Jenny. He further shows that “Scotch” tunes composed in London were adopted by Scottish printers and songbooks, becoming naturalized as Caledonian airs and helping shape Scottish cultural identity.
Key findings
- English broadside ballads consistently served anti-Scots propaganda from the accession of James VI and I to the aftermath of Culloden, portraying Scots as “blue caps,” traitors, rebels, and barbarians; about a hundred titles were registered with the Stationers’ Company in 1640, a number of them deriding the “blue caps.”
- A parallel wooing tradition made “Jockey” and “Jenny” (along with Sawny and Moggy) familiar romantic figures in an imagined north; “The Scotch Lasses Constancy” survives in seven examples, “Scotch Moggy’s Misfortune” in eight copies, and “An Answer to Moggy’s Misfortune” in four known examples.
- “Scotch” tunes of English provenance migrated to Scotland: “Jenny Gin” was composed for Behn’s *City Heiress* in 1682 and adopted on some thirty-six broadside ballads over the following decade; Thomas D’Urfey wrote thirty-two plays and more than five hundred songs, and tunes such as “Bonny Dundee,” “Valiant Jockey,” “Over the Hills and Far Away,” and “Bonny Katherine Ogie” were reprinted and naturalized in Edinburgh.
- The Scottish print market from the late seventeenth century reprinted London ballads and songbooks; by Allan Ramsay’s *Tea-Table Miscellany* (1723–27) and later collections by Herd and Ritson, English-origin tunes were accepted as Caledonian, so the broadside ballad helped shape Scotland’s own cultural capital.
Methods
- Historical and cultural analysis of English broadside ballads from the union of crowns to the second Jacobite rebellion, focusing on political and wooing ballads.
- Sources include surviving broadsides and collections (Pepys, Roxburghe, Bodleian, National Library of Scotland, Huntington, EBBA), Stationers’ Register entries, songbooks such as *Pills to Purge Melancholy*, *A Choice Collection of Comic and Serious Scots Poems*, and *Orpheus Caledonius*, plus plays, satirical prints, and manuscript libels.
- The main analysis traces imagery, language, tune titles, and publication/reprinting across London and Edinburgh to argue for reciprocal cultural influence.
Limitations
- The paper states no formal limitations section.
- Evident from the text: it relies on surviving printed ballads and collections; the paper notes lost items such as “Jenny’s lamentation with her berne at her back” (licensed 1657, no longer extant), so survival bias is evident.
- Evident: claims about audience familiarity and identity formation are interpretive, inferred from print circulation, reprints, and tune reuse rather than systematic reception evidence.
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Claims the paper makes
40 No basis given · 28 Own interpretation · 13 Sources not found · 2 Not checked yet · 2 Own result
In the paper
“By the end of the century, some of these songs, whether theatrical in origin or not, were appearing for sale as single-sheet songs with engraved music suitable for recorder or transverse flute.”
What the sources say
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In the paper
“The history of this pair goes back at least to the mid-sixteenth century when a ballad of their courtship and marriage was transcribed into the notebook of the minstrel Richard Sheale.”
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In the paper
“Another flurry of anti-Scottish balladry was prompted by the murder of James Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrews, in May 1679 at the hands of radical Presbyterians.”
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In the paper
“Sawny was soon introduced as a rival for Jenney's affections.Here again, this was not Sawny in his familiar guise as rebel or barbarian, but as ardent admirer.”
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In the paper
“Following the union of the crowns in 1603, when many of the Scottish nobility and gentry descended on London, they came to be seen as dominating offices of the king's bedchamber and profiting from the distribution of royal patronage at the expense of English courtiers.”
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In the paper
“Thus, Jockey and Jenny became the eponymous heroes of dozens of surviving broadside ballads in late Stuart England.”
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“Similarly,”
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“It appears again in the 1706 edition of Pills to Purge Melancholy, where it accompanies the ballad”
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In the paper
“The decades on either side of the Act of Union in 1707 represented an innovative and expansive era in which new content in popular formats was added to the rather small and limited output that had always characterized the trade.”
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“Meanwhile, in Edinburgh, John Reid junior was printing a different work to the same air,”
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In the paper
“Among the tunes for which he seems to have been responsible and which went on to enjoy widespread currency on a single sheet were”
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In the paper
“In 1719-20 D'Urfey edited the popular anthology Pills to Purge Melancholy in an expanded six volumes.The first two of these were filled entirely with works in which he had had a hand.”
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In the paper
“D'Urfey's The Fool Turn'd Critick of 1678 was the first play in England to have the music for its songs actually printed in the text.”
What the sources say
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In the paper
“In ballad Scots, Ise was habitually used for I, gin for if, and lig for live, while there was plenty of mickle and muckle in place of much.The balladeer's vocabulary ran to kens for knows and gang for go, to twa for two and eyne for eyes.Pronunciation could be suggested in a number of spellings: anely for only; awe for all; fause for false; guid for good; mere for more; and wese for was.”
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“In turn, the Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745 unleashed successive waves of invective against the Scots in which the printed ballad proved a powerful weapon in the battle of opinion.”
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In the paper
“Many of the popular composers of the late seventeenth century contributed melodies in this mode, often intended for the theater or the songbook before finding their way onto the ballad sheet.”
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“The resulting compositions were often then expanded into broadside ballads and the tunes greatly popularized as a result.”
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“Soon afterward, some eight thousand covenanters in the southwest of Scotland rose up against the regime of Charles II.”
What the sources say
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In the paper
“In a prolific career that encompassed thirty-two plays and more than five hundred songs, he was responsible for a huge quantity of Scotchified material.”
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In the paper
“In the imaginary repertoire of these works, Jennys and Moggys were always bonny and blithe; Jockeys and Sawnys likely to be lively or dawdy; girls were lasses and boys were loons.”
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“The English army, led by the Duke of Monmouth, joined by local forces under Sir John Graham of Claverhouse, defeated the rebels at the battle of Bothwell Bridge in June.”
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“It is noteworthy that a man who spent a professional career of almost fifty years in London, and apparently never stirred from the south of”
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In the paper
“The so-called Bishops' Wars of 1639-40, in which Charles I resorted to military force in a vain attempt to impose the English prayer book north of the border, elicited another torrent of anti-Scottish balladry.This time the printed broadside was its natural medium.”
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“His general practice, however, was to write lyrics to the melodies of others.”
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“One woodcut adorning the broadside, perhaps made for this publication, gives an early depiction of a Scotsman with a flat bonnet on his head (fig.1).”
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“The Scots' crowning of Charles II at Scone in January 1651, in return for his agreement to their terms, aroused particular ire south of the border.”
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In the paper
“Between 1706 and 1711, James Watson printed A Choice Collection of Comic and Serious Scots Poems Both Ancient and Modern in three volumes, and in 1718 Allan Ramsay issued his Scots Songs for which tunes were soon supplied in Alexander Stuart's companion music book and William Thomson's Orpheus Caledonius.”
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“At first, however, much of this production relied on pirating well-known titles from the London market, and in this way, English material entered circulation north of the border.”
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“As such, they were popular in both senses of the word: available on the streets to the majority of the population but capable of appealing to the gentle consumer no less.”
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“A new generation of young printers was beginning to break free from the monopolies and regulations that had constrained the industry hitherto, and to transform the size and range of the Scottish press.”
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“Similar migration northward is evident with”
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“In the next generation, Reid's daughter Margaret and his nephew John junior, together with James Watson and Robert Brown, John Moncur, and Robert Fleming, among others, built upon this foundation.”
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“The attitude of the Presbyterian kirk and the strict control of the press succeeded in inhibiting the development of secular music north of the border for much of the seventeenth century.”
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“In other cases, although new lyrics were written for ballads in the emerging Scottish market, they were set to”
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“Broadside ballads were plentiful and cheap, readily understood and easily memorable.”
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“It entered the Scottish market with the broadside”
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“As a result, the nation started to generate a secular ephemeral literature of its own, which included broadside ballads and last dying speeches, chapbooks and newspapers.”
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“Despite being cited on several English broadside ballads before 1640 and included in The English Dancing Master of 1651, the tune of”
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“In the same way, a ballad under the title”
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only in the two generations after about 1680 were influences from the south allowed to make good some of this deficiency.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus,”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Now the insurgents were less liable in English eyes to be tarred with the brush of Presbyterianism and more likely to be tainted by association with the threat of popery.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This phenomenon was part of a remarkable musical efflorescence in late Stuart England that saw the London theater, music publishing, and the broadside ballad trade in a complementary and reciprocally enriching relationship.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Like everything else about these compositions, it was a stylized fiction owing nothing to the Scots tongue or people as they may have been and everything to the conventions of an invented literary genre.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [36]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The civil war era appears to have thrown up Moggy as an English name for a young Scots woman, and the broadside ballads of the late seventeenth century were probably responsible for impressing it in popular consciousness.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the first place, they were poverty-stricken beggars who swarmed south seeking to profit from the honors, lands, and titles that flowed from the honeypots of royal patronage and political power.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within this cultural reaction in England to its often tormented relationship with Scotland, the manuscript libel, playhouse song, and broadside ballad each played a significant part in creating images, forming opinion, and reinforcing prejudice.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The broadside ballad caught this mood and contributed to this fantasy.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They must have become familiar figures to the audience, who no doubt eagerly awaited the next installment of the couple's ongoing courtship (fig.2).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Onto a remote and largely unknown Caledonia could be projected an illusion of otherness that fulfilled some emotional need.In a rapidly changing world, it conjured the impression of antiquity; for an urbanizing people it represented a pastoral idyll; and to an increasingly sophisticated society, it proffered a reminder of lost innocence.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the second place, they were dissenters from the true Church, traitors to the Crown, and ultimately rebels against the State whose resistance frequently turned to armed insurrection as successively Presbyterians, Covenanters, and then Jacobites.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is noteworthy that a man who spent a professional career of almost fifty years in London, and apparently never stirred from the south of England, should have had such a big influence on the perception of Scotland among his countrymen.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These perceptions of the Scots were fabricated and disseminated in all manner of media.Among other forms, invective poetry and polemical prose, comic drama and satirical prints were all employed to this end, evolving and refining a rich vocabulary and a recognizable iconography of Scotophobia.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The chimera of a primitive and pastoral Caledonia was well developed in the English psyche long before the tourists of the Romantic era discovered the Highlands.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of many other well-known tunes that became adopted by the Scots and made their own, the same could be said, such as”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Part of the identity and the persona that Scotland reflected to the world in the eighteenth century and beyond was actually the product of an English imagination, and in that process of self-fashioning, the broadside ballad played no small part.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, if it were the case, as was claimed in 1715, that”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, however, their evocation of an idealized”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through single sheets and songbooks of their own, the Scots were quickly able to adopt, disseminate, and then naturalize a range of imported lyrics and tunes.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, they were extremely well placed to influence public opinion and shape general perceptions.”
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, therefore, the broadside ballad provided a conduit for the transmission of”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By the time David Herd edited his Ancient and Modern Scots Songs in 1769, for example, and still less when Joseph Ritson issued his Scotish Songs in 1794, few would have paused to question the Caledonian credentials of this piece of English invention.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The number of surviving copies of a ballad is a reliable indicator of its contemporary popularity.
“The popularity of this piece is suggested by the fact that no fewer than seven examples of it survive in various collections.”
Citations
Cites
Oral and Literate Culture in England 1500–1700
Fox, A. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251032.001.0001 · Cited by 284
Self-citationCruz, J. A. H. M. (2002) · Albion A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies · doi:10.2307/4054682 · Cited by 181
Scholes, P. A. (1943) · ETHZ Thomas Mann Archiv · doi:10.24448/ethz-1863 · Cited by 161
The British Broadside Ballad and Its Music
Boswell, G. W., & Simpson, C. M. (1966) · Music Educators Journal · doi:10.2307/3390785 · Cited by 125
Libels, Popular Literacy and Public Opinion in Early Modern England
Croft, P. (1995) · Historical Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1995.tb02117.x · Cited by 100
Rollins, H. E. (1924) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 84
Bartley, J. (1954) · Cork University Press eBooks · Cited by 75
The Songs and Travels of a Tudor Minstrel: Richard Sheale of Tamworth
Taylor, A. (2012) · Boydell and Brewer eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781846158636 · Cited by 60
The Englishman and the foreigner
Duffy, M. (1986) · Chadwyck-Healey eBooks · Cited by 55
Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900
(2005) · British Academy eBooks · doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197263303.001.0001 · Cited by 48
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- T. C. Smout (Oxford, 2005), 143-69.
- Alastair Bellany, The Politics of Court Scandal in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2002), 170.
- John Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. Andrew Clark, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1898), 2:4.
- Oxford English Dictionary, s.vv. "blue cap, " "blue bonnet, " "jock, " "jockey".
- C. H. Firth, "Ballads on the Bishops' Wars, 1638-40, " Scottish Historical Review 3 (1906): 257-73 at 262; Cavalier and Puritan: Broadsides and Ballads Illustrating the Period of the Great Rebellion 1640-1660, ed.
- Martin Parker, "A True Subjects Wish, " Bodleian Library, Oxford (hereafter Bod Lib), Wood 401(141) and Harding B 39(59).
- "Iockies Lamentation, " Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge (hereafter PL), Pepys 4.345, EBBA 22008; "Articles of Agreement betwixt Prince Charles and the Parliament of Scotland, " in Cavalier and Puritan, ed. Rollins, 309-14; Old Sayings and Predictions Verified and Fulfilled (London, 1651), British Museum, 1849,0315.30.
- Ian Spink, "Music and Society, " in The Blackwell History of Music in Britain, vol. 3, The Seventeenth Century, ed. Spink (Oxford, 1992), 6.
- Cyprian Blagden, "Notes on the Ballad Market in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century, " Studies in Bibliography 6 (1954): 161-80.
- Oxford DNB, s.vv. "D'Urfey, Thomas (1653?-1723), " by Jonathan Pritchard, last modified 2004, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8313, and "Purcell, Henry (1659-1695), " by Robert Thompson, last modified 2004, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22894; · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hale, M., Hawkins, R., & Wright, C. M. (2007) · The Economic History Review · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00418.x · Cited by 29
Hale, M., Raymond, G., & Wright, C. M. (2017) · The Economic History Review · doi:10.1111/ehr.12617 · Cited by 10
Hale, M., Raymond, G., & Wright, C. M. (2012) · The Economic History Review · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2012.00669.x · Cited by 9
Nostalgia in Print and Performance, 1510–1613
Phillips, H. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108612685 · Cited by 7
Songs of Sodom: Singing About the Unmentionable Vice in the Early Modern Low Countries
Roelens, J. (2018) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2018.1495977 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, it is generally believed that songs contributed a great deal to the formation of early modern political, occupational, and confessional identities (Fisher, 2017; Fox, 2016; Hailwood, 2016).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Fox, A.
- Corresponding author
- Fox, Adam
- Venue
- Huntington Library Quarterly
- Publisher
- Project MUSE
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 201-220
- ISSN
- 0018-7895 (ISSN-L)
- 1544-399X
- OpenAlex
- W2460233813
- Semantic Scholar
- b99472d6b3c5ce2d6fa6835c17894114c13d79df
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 100.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Huntington Library Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Scottish History and National Identity
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Musicology and Musical Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Historical Studies of British Isles
- Keywords
- broadside ballads, Scottish national identity, Scottish ballads, Scottish folk music, Thomas D'Urfey, Scottish Covenanters, Jacobites, Anglo-Scottish relations, songbooks, ballad tunes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-23, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-23 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Jockey and Jenny: English Broadside Ballads and the Invention of Scottishness. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1353/hlq.2016.0007
- The paper
- Fox, A. (2016). Jockey and Jenny: English Broadside Ballads and the Invention of Scottishness. Huntington Library Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1353/hlq.2016.0007
