The Supply of Birth Control Methods, Education, and Fertility: Evidence from Romania

“For example, Pop-Eleches ð2010Þ finds that a drastic increase in the availability of modern contraceptives and abortion in Romania decreased fertility most for the least educated women.”

“These include historical restrictions in Romania (PopEleches, 2010), the impact of parental consent or notification laws targeted at ado lescents in the US (Bitler and Zavodny, 2001; Joyce and Kaestner, 1996), and a recent hollowing out in the availability of providers due to statespecific legislation in the US (Fisch…”

“the abortion ban introduced in 1966 resulted in a large increase in birth rates in the short run (Pop-Eleches 2006), whilst the lifting of the ban in 1989 had the reverse effect, albeit less marked (Pop-Eleches 2010).”

“…Melvin (2006), Cook et al. (1999), Currie et al. (1996), Gruber et al. (1999), Guldi (2008), Kane and Staiger (1996), Levine et al. (1996b,a, 1999), Pop-Eleches (2010) and Pop-Eleches (2006); for the oral contraceptive pill: Ananat and Hungerman (2012), Bailey (2006, 2010, 2012, 2013), Christensen…”

“In an early analysis of this outlier case, Pop-Eleches (2010) later found that the effect of the abortion ban on fertility in Romania was longer-lasting, as women who spent most of their reproductive years under the 23-year, pro-natalist regime (1966 to 1989) experienced increases in lifecycle…”

“13 Additional evidence is provided by Pop-Eleches (2005) who compares Romanian to its neighboring Moldova, and does not find similar patterns in fertility rates.”

“…effects among adolescents and poorer women; see Bailey and Lindo (2018) for the US; González et al. (2018) for Spain; Mølland (2016) for Norway; Valente (2014) for Nepal; Pop-Eleches (2010, 2006) for Romania; and Clarke and Mühlrad (2016) and Gutiérrez-Vázquez and Parrado (2016) for Mexico City.”

“…countries limited or banned abortion during the 1980s and 1990s.23 Examining the abrupt end of Romania’s ban on abortion and family planning in 1989, Pop-Eleches (2010) uses survey data on births among reproductive age women two years before and after the end of the ban to employ a single…”

“35 Examining the case of Romania, Pop-Eleches (2010) provides evidence on the fact that intentional abortion is a relatively common birth control mechanism that has significant impacts on fertility.”

“High fertility could be a consequence of inadequate access to contraception (Jones, 2015; Pop-Eleches, 2010).”

“In developed countries, the introduction of modern contraceptive methods (the pill) reduced the risk of pregnancy, freeing women and partners from the cost of unwanted fertility (Goldin, 1990; Pop-Eleches, 2010).”

“Another main factor in our findings was the role of contraceptive use in decreasing the expected number of children which were found in the others studies (21, 50).”

“Women who can acquire and spend their own money are more likely to exercise a greater range of options for managing family planning, whether prior to the onset of pregnancy or afterward (Pop-Eleches, 2010).”

“The evidence spans a wide range of countries, including but not limited to Ethiopia (P € ortner, Beegle, & Christiaensen, 2011), Indonesia (Angeles, Guilkey, & Mroz, 2005b; Gertler & Molyneaux, 1994, 2000; Pitt, Rosenzweig, & Gibbons, 1993), Peru (Angeles, Guilkey, & Mroz, 2005a), Iran (Salehi-Isfahani, Abbasi-Shavazi…”

“La courbe de fécondité grimpa de manière spectaculaire à la fin des années 1960 (Blayo, 1970; Pop-Eleches, 2006, 2010).”

“Also analyzing changes ensuing from shifts in family-planning policy, Pop-Eleches (2006, 2010) determines the impact of drastic abortion policy changes in Romania.”

“…women, as they were using abortion services more frequently due to their lower fertility intentions (Pop-Eleches, 2006), the ban took a higher toll on poorer women who lacked the means to seek abortions elsewhere and the resources to care for another child (Kligman, 1998; Pop-Eleches, 2010).”