Four-channel optically pumped magnetometer for a magnetoencephalography sensor array
Open accessAbstract
We present a novel four-channel optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) for magnetoencephalography that utilizes a two-color pump/probe scheme on a single optical axis. We characterize its performance across 18 built sensor modules. The new sensor implements several improvements over our previously developed sensor including lower vapor-cell operating temperature, improved probe-light detection optics, and reduced optical power requirements. The sensor also has new electromagnetic field coils on the sensor head which are designed using stream-function-based current optimization. We detail the coil design methodology and present experimental characterization of the coil performance. The magnetic sensitivity of the sensor is on average 12.3 fT/rt-Hz across the 18 modules while the average gradiometrically inferred sensitivity is about 6.0 fT/rt-Hz. The sensor 3-dB bandwidth is 100 Hz on average. The on-sensor coil performance is in good agreement with the simulations.
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Sensitivity to geomagnetic factors varies among individuals, with arrhythmia patients often showing reduced or negative coupling.
“Sensitivity varies among individuals, with arrhythmia patients often showing reduced or negative coupling [54].”
From The Heart’s Electromagnetic Field in Emotions, Empathy and Human Connection: Biosensor-Derived Insights into Heart–Brain Axis Mechanisms and a Basis for Novel BioMagnetoTherapies (2026) · cites this paper as [54]
The Sensor performance evaluation methods and results sections discuss the magnetic sensitivity of a magnetometer, not people's sensitivity to geomagnetic factors. Searches for arrhythmia patients, individual differences, and reduced or negative coupling found no passage addressing the claim; page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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References 50 · Cited by 18
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [33]Johnson C. Schwindt P.D., “ A two-color pump probe atomic magnetometer for magnetoencephalography,” in 2010 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium. 2010. IEEE.
- Authors
- Iivanainen, J., Carter, T. R., Dhombridge, J. E., Read, T. S., Campbell, K., Abate, Q., Ridley, D. M., Borna, A., & Schwindt, P. D. D.
- Affiliations
- Sandia National Laboratories (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schwindt, Peter D. D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Optics Express
- Publisher
- Optica Publishing Group
- Published
- 2024-05-03
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 18334
- ISSN
- 1094-4087 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11239169
- OpenAlex
- W4394998221
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 2.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Optics Express (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U01EB028656)
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Mechanical and Optical Resonators
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Magnetic Field Sensors Techniques
- Keywords
- optically pumped magnetometers, magnetoencephalography, sensor arrays, two-color pump-probe, vapor cell, magnetic field coils, magnetic field sensitivity, 3-dB bandwidth
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