Cited by 1,279Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and AccessTreatment of Major Depression

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Validation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to Screen for Major Depression in the Primary Care Population

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Arroll, B., Goodyear-Smith, F., Crengle, S., Gunn, J., Kerse, N., Fishman, T., Falloon, K., Hatcher, S.·2010·The Annals of Family Medicine

DOI 10.1370/afm.1139PMC PMC2906530

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Abstract

PURPOSE: Although screening for unipolar depression is controversial, it is potentially an efficient way to find undetected cases and improve diagnostic acumen. Using a reference standard, we aimed to validate the 2- and 9-question Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ-2 and PHQ-9) in primary care settings. The PHQ-2 comprises the first 2 questions of the PHQ-9. METHODS: Consecutive adult patients attending Auckland family practices completed the PHQ-9, after which they completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) depression reference standard. Sensitivities and specificities for PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 2,642 patients who completed both the PHQ-9 and the CIDI. Sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-2 for diagnosing major depression were 86% and 78%, respectively, with a score of 2 or higher and 61% and 92% with a score 3 or higher; for the PHQ-9, they were 74% and 91%, respectively, with a score of 10 or higher. For the PHQ-2 a score of 2 or higher detected more cases of depression than a score of 3 or higher. For the PHQ-9 a score of 10 or higher detected more cases of major depression than the PHQ determination of major depression originally described by Spitzer et al in 1999. CONCLUSIONS: We report the largest validation study of the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9, compared with a reference standard interview, undertaken in an exclusively primary care population. The PHQ-2 score or 2 or higher had good sensitivity but poor specificity in detecting major depression. Using a PHQ-2 threshold score of 2 or higher rather than 3 or higher resulted in more depressed patients being correctly identified. A PHQ-9 score of 10 or higher appears to detect more depressed patients than the originally described PHQ-9 scoring for major depression.

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Validation and Utility of a Self-report Version of PRIME-MD<SUBTITLE>The PHQ Primary Care Study</SUBTITLE>
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“Psychiatric models currently drawn on in primary care research (Kravitz et al., 2013; Kroenke et al., 2001; Mitchell et al., 2009) and recommended for practice (Arroll et al., 2010) often indicate disorder when the severity and duration of symptoms reach a predefined threshold and cause impairment.”
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“Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F, Crengle S, Gunn J, Kerse N, Fishman T, et al. Validation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to screen for major depression in the primary care population.”
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“Nine-item Patient Health Questionnaires The PHQ-9 is a nine-item questionnaire developed for depression screening in primary care settings, and each item has score ranging from 0 to 3 (leading to a maximum score of 27) [17].”
Method
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Background
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Method
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MethodResultInfluential
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Background
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Method
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“We identified a number of confounding variables a priori from the literature including age, ethnicity, number of reported chronic medical conditions, and depression (screened using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 or PHQ-2 (Arroll et al., 2010; Arroll, Khin, & Kerse, 2003)).”
Method
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Background
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“Depressive symptoms were assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 [24]; anxiety was screened via the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale [25].”
Method
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“9) for detecting major depression in general primary care samples (Kroenke, Spitzer, and Williams 2003; Arroll et al. 2010) and samples of older patients (Li et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
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“The PHQ-2 score cutoffs identified in our study differed from cutoffs reported by others in studies of the elderly [30] and of individuals with low educational levels [31], including in PC settings [11].”
BackgroundResult
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“The PHQ-9 is a multipurpose instrument for screening, diagnosing, monitoring and measuring the severity of depression.(33) 34 3.”
Method
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Method
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“The PHQ-2 is a validated short screening test for unipolar depression and includes two items probing the frequency of depressed mood and anhedonia [3].”
Clinical health promotion
Tønnesen, H., & Noguer, C. B. I. (2010) · Hispana · Cited by 18
Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Digital Interventions for Depressive Symptoms in Working Adults: Multiarm Randomized Controlled Trial
Taylor, R. W., Male, R., Economides, M., Bolton, H., & Cavanagh, K. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/41590 · Cited by 15
“The PHQ-8 has excellent internal consistency (Cronbach α =.89) and excellent test-retest reliability [47].”
Wie gut eignen sich verschiedene Versionen des Depressionsmoduls des Patient Health Questionnaires zur Identifikation depressiver Personen in der Allgemeinbevölkerung?
Spangenberg, L., Brähler, E., & Glaesmer, H. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2012.58.1.3 · Cited by 29
The association between social media use and depressive symptoms among adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
AlHamad, N. S., & Alamri, K. (2021) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_697_21 · Cited by 18
“In this regard, there is a compelling need for further investigation among our respondents who had a PHQ-9 score of >10 to correctly identify any major depression and institute the necessary early intervention.[30] The negative affective experience scores, particularly depression, unhappiness, and anger, ranked highes…”
Background
Association of mental health outcomes and lower patient satisfaction among adults with alopecia: A cross-sectional population-based study
Kim, A. B., Cheng, B. T., & Hassan, S. (2022) · JAAD International · doi:10.1016/j.jdin.2022.05.011 · Cited by 17
Perceived changes in the mental well‐being among Nigerians due to Ramadan Intermittent Fasting during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Sulaiman, S. K., Tsiga-Ahmed, F. I., Arora, T., Faris, M. E., Musa, M. S., Kareem, Y. A., Dayyab, F. M., Hussein, A., Sale, S., Javaid, S. F., et al. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2990 · Cited by 20
Diabetes distress in a Medicaid sample: The role of psychosocial and health-related factors
Verdecias, N., McQueen, A., Nordheim, D. V., Broussard, D. J., Smith, R. E., & Kreuter, M. W. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108495 · Cited by 16
Emotional eating behaviors in later life: Identifying key factors for healthy aging
Hawash, M. M., Alhazmi, A. H., El‐Sayed, M. M., Mushfiq, S., El‐Ashry, A. M., Ahmed, H. A., Abd-Elrahman, S. I., Kamel, W. W., & Hafez, S. A. (2023) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.11.012 · Cited by 20
Measurement Equivalence of Four Psychological Questionnaires in Native-Born Germans, Russian-Speaking Immigrants, and Native-Born Russians
Hirsch, O., Donner‐Banzhoff, N., & Bachmann, V. (2013) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659613482003 · Cited by 17
“81 (convergent validity), sensitivity values were around 92%, and specificity around 78% (Arroll et al., 2010; Gilbody, Richards, Brealey, & Hewitt, 2007; Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams, & Lowe, 2010).”
Background
Casting a wider net in behavioral health screening in primary care: a preliminary study of the Outcome Rating Scale
DeSantis, B., Jackson, M. J., Duncan, B. L., & Reese, R. J. (2016) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s1463423616000311 · Cited by 17
“Both the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 have demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for detecting major depression in primary care (Arroll et al., 2010) and a two-step approach to primary care depression screening is often utilized to improve diagnostic accuracy and assess severity.”
Method
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom clusters differentially predict prenatal health behaviors in pregnant women
Jones, H. A., Eddy, L. D., Rabinovitch, A. E., Snipes, D. J., Wilson, S. A., Parks, A. M., Karjane, N. W., & Svikis, D. S. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22538 · Cited by 18
“The PHQ-2 is an excellent screen for depression in a primary care setting (Arroll et al., 2010) and has strong psychometric properties (Kroenke et al.”
Background
Improving the quality of depression and pain care in multiple sclerosis using collaborative care: The MS-care trial protocol
Ehde, D. M., Alschuler, K. N., Sullivan, M. D., Molton, I. R., Ciol, M. A., Bombardier, C. H., Curran, M. C., Gertz, K. J., Wundes, A., & Fann, J. R. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.10.001 · Cited by 17
An Autoethnographic Examination of Postpartum Depression
Frankhouser, T., & Defenbaugh, N. L. (2017) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.2107 · Cited by 19
Addressing Community Needs During the Hurricane Response and Recovery Efforts Through Community Assessments for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER)—United States Virgin Islands, 2017-2018
Schnall, A. H., Roth, J., Ellis, B. R., Seger, K. R., Davis, M., & Ellis, E. M. (2019) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2019.6 · Cited by 17
“1 likelihood ratio of generalized anxiety disorder.(8,9) These show a slight, but insignificant, decrease as compared to November 2017.”
Result
Prevalence of Depression and Its Associated Risk Factors among Young Adult Patients Attending the Primary Health Centers in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
Balawi, M. M. A., Faraj, F., Anazi, B. D. A., & Balawi, D. M. A. (2019) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2019.789 · Cited by 19
“The following Table describes the provisional diagnoses for scoring classes [37] (Table 1).”
Background
Condiciones de salud mental durante la pandemia por COVID-19
Chainé, S. M., Montoya, A. L., Maldonado, A. B., Aguirre, A. G. B., Robles, R., Rosales, F. L., & Fernández-Cáceres, C. (2020) · Revista Internacional de Investigación en Adicciones · doi:10.28931/riiad.2020.2.03 · Cited by 21
The effect of the Take Charge intervention on mood, motivation, activation and risk factor management: Analysis of secondary data from the Taking Charge after Stroke (TaCAS) trial
McNaughton, H., Weatherall, M., McPherson, K. M., Fu, V. W. Y., Taylor, W. J., McRae, A., Thomson, T., Gommans, J., Green, G., Harwood, M. L. N., et al. (2021) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215521993648 · Cited by 19
Maternal mental healthcare needs of refugee women in a State Registration and Reception Centre in Germany: A descriptive study
Kaufmann, C., Zehetmair, C., Jahn, R., Marungu, R., Cranz, A., Kindermann, D., Friederich, H., Bozorgmehr, K., & Nikendei, C. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13508 · Cited by 17
Perspectives on Implementing the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 in Low-Vision Service Organizations to Screen for Depression and Anxiety
Elsman, E. B. M., van Munster, E. P. J., van Nassau, F., Verstraten, P., van Nispen, R. M. A., & van der Aa, H. P. A. (2022) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.11.1.16 · Cited by 17
Psychological morbidity among suicide-bereaved and non-bereaved parents: a nationwide population survey
Omérov, P., Steineck, G., Nyberg, T., Runeson, B., & Nyberg, U. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003108 · Cited by 19
An Examination of the Sociodemographic and Health Determinants of Major Depressive Disorder Among Black Women
Amutah‐Onukagha, N., Doamekpor, L. A., & Gardner, M. (2016) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-016-0312-2 · Cited by 20
“A PHQ-9 score higher than 10 places a person into the moderate depression, moderately severe depression, or severe depression categories [29].”
Food Insecurity and Substance use in People with HIV Infection and Substance use Disorder
Raja, A., Heeren, T., Walley, A. Y., Winter, M. R., Mešić, A., & Saitz, R. (2020) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2020.1748164 · Cited by 16
“The score was dichotomized as below three or three and higher.(54) This dichotomization has been used in many other studies with PLWH.”
Method
Engaging Diverse Older Adults With Cognitive Impairment and Caregivers in Advance Care Planning
Kotwal, A., Barnes, D. E., Volow, A. M., Li, B. H., Boscardin, W. J., & Sudore, R. L. (2021) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000465 · Cited by 16
Patient Activation Measure in Dialysis-Dependent Patients in the United States
Cukor, D., Zelnick, L. R., Charytan, D. M., Shallcross, A. J., & Mehrotra, R. (2021) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2021030315 · Cited by 16
Implementation and prospective evaluation of the Country Heart Attack Prevention model of care to improve attendance and completion of cardiac rehabilitation for patients with cardiovascular diseases living in rural Australia: a study protocol
Beleigoli, A. M. R., Nicholls, S. J., Brown, A. D. H., Chew, D. P., Beltrame, J. F., Maeder, A. J., Maher, C. A., Versace, V. L., Hendriks, J., Tideman, P. A., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054558 · Cited by 16
Influence of Subclinical Anxiety and Depression on Quality of Life and Perception of Facial Paralysis
Rist, T. M., Segars, K. A., & Oyer, S. L. (2022) · Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine · doi:10.1089/fpsam.2022.0037 · Cited by 16
Depressive symptoms and conspiracy beliefs
Green, J., Druckman, J. N., Baum, M., Lazer, D. M. J., Ognyanova, K., & Perlis, R. H. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4011 · Cited by 17
“We measured participants’ experiences with depression via the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a widely used tool to screen patients for depression in primary care settings (Kroenke and Spitzer 2002, Arroll et al. 2010).”
Method
Efficacy of the my health too online cognitive behavioral therapy program for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial
Mengin, A. C., Nourry, N., Séverac, F., Berna, F. S., Bemmouna, D., Costache, M. E., Fritsch, A., Frey, I., Ligier, F., Engel, N., et al. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100736 · Cited by 16
“The Patient Health Questionnaire - 2 items version (PHQ-2) (Arroll et al., 2010) was used to screen for depression (Cronbach ’ s α = 0.73).”
MethodInfluential
Developing the Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services: An e-Delphi study
Korthuis, P. T., Hoffman, K. A., Wilson‐Poe, A. R., Luoma, J. B., Bazinet, A. D., Pertl, K., Morgan, D. L., Cook, R., Bielavitz, S., Myers, R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241257839 · Cited by 16
“Service systems and providers will have to choose from available indicators, such as the Patient Health Questionnair (PHQ-9) (Arroll et al., 2010), and balance response burden with validity.”
Are andropause symptoms related to depression?
Khosravi, S., Ardebili, H. E., Larijani, B. A., Nedjat, S., Nasrabadi, A. N., Ardebili, M. E., Dabiran, S., & Samizadeh, E. (2015) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0341-4 · Cited by 16
“The latter is used as a screening and assessment tool for depression [20].”
BackgroundMethod
Association between procedure appropriateness and patient-reported outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention
Yang, J. X., Stevenson, M. J., Valsdottir, L. R., Ho, K. K. L., Spertus, J. A., Yeh, R. W., & Strom, J. B. (2019) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315835 · Cited by 18
Evaluating the Efficacy of a Mobile App (Drinks:Ration) and Personalized Text and Push Messaging to Reduce Alcohol Consumption in a Veteran Population: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Leightley, D., Rona, R. J., Shearer, J., Williamson, C., Gunasinghe, C., Simms, A., Fear, N. T., Goodwin, L., & Murphy, D. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/19720 · Cited by 16
“I/C I/C I/C I/C I/C I/C I/C Depression (PHQ2d) [53]”
Oral health and academic performance or absenteeism: Findings from a University in Southern Brazil
Karam, S. A., Costa, F. D. S., Schwendicke, F., Corrêa, M. B., & Demarco, F. F. (2020) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12598 · Cited by 17
Síndrome de Burnout y dependencia al alcohol en estudiantes de Medicina
González, I., Alfonzo, A., Aranda, J., Cameron, S., Chávez, D., Duré, N., Pino, A., Sawatzky, D. P., Rojas, S. J. O., Villalba, S., et al. (2020) · Medicina Clínica y Social · doi:10.52379/mcs.v4i2.147 · Cited by 16
Public perceptions and disparities in access to telehealth orthopaedic services in the COVID-19 era
Puzzitiello, R. N., Moverman, M. A., Pagani, N. R., Ryan, S. P., Salzler, M. J., Jawa, A., & Menendez, M. E. (2021) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2021.02.007 · Cited by 16
Effects of initial resources on the development of strains during a stressful training situation: Some counterintuitive results
Beehr, T. A., Ragsdale, J. M., & Kochert, J. F. (2014) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1974 · Cited by 17
Implications of two-stage depression screening for identifying persons with thoughts of self-harm
Pratt, L. A., & Brody, D. J. (2013) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.09.007 · Cited by 16
“We examine the cut point of three and a lower cut point of two, as has been done in other studies [27–30].”
Result
Perla: A Conversational Agent for Depression Screening in Digital Ecosystems. Design, Implementation and ValidationPreprint
Arrabales, R. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/nfas4 · Cited by 26
“Nowadays, depression misdiagnose and undertreatment in primary care is still a concern [10], and primary care physicians are encouraged to use screening tools, such as Patient Health Questionaire-2 (PHQ-2) [11], Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9) [12] and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [13], so that appropriate tr…”
Dementia Caregiver Virtual Support—An Implementation Evaluation of Two Pragmatic Models during COVID-19
Weems, J. A., Rhodes, S., & Powers, J. S. (2021) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics6030080 · Cited by 15
“Burden and depression scores were self-assessed at each of the first and last class sessions using the 4-item Zarit Burden Interview Scale [7] and the PHQ-2 depression questionnaire [8].”
Method
Implementation of an acceptance- and mindfulness-based group for depression and anxiety in primary care: Initial outcomes.
Fuchs, C. H., Haradhvala, N., Evans, D. R., Nash, J. M., Weisberg, R. B., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2016) · Families, Systems, & Health · doi:10.1037/fsh0000237 · Cited by 15
The Imperfect Yet Valuable Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: Factor Structure, Dimensionality, and Possible Cutoff Score
Erez, C., & Gordon, I. (2024) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911241261168 · Cited by 17
“The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2).”
Risk perception and disease knowledge in attendees of a community-based lung cancer screening programme
Lebrett, M. B., Crosbie, E. J., Yorke, J., Hewitt, K., Rowlands, A., Badrick, E., Evans, D. G., Balata, H., Booton, R., & Crosbie, P. A. J. (2022) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.04.003 · Cited by 15
Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among married Egyptian women: a multicenter primary healthcare study
Osman, D. M., Ahmed, G. K., Farghal, M. M., & Ibrahim, A. K. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04239-w · Cited by 16
Does Suicide Risk Screening Improve the Identification of Primary Care Patients Who Will Attempt Suicide Versus Depression Screening Alone?
Bryan, C. J., Allen, M. H., Bryan, A. O., Thomsen, C. J., Baker, J. C., & May, A. M. (2023) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/j.jcjq.2023.08.008 · Cited by 15
Is Depression Associated with Contraceptive Motivations, Intentions, and Use Among a Sample of Low-Income Latinas?
Carvajal, D. N., Ghazarian, S. R., Crowne, S. S., Brown, P. B., Carter‐Pokras, O., DUGGAN, A. K., & Barnet, B. (2014) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2013.10.003 · Cited by 15
“Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a nine-item instrument predictive of depression (Arroll et al., 2010; Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001; Richardson et al., 2010) and validated among both English and Spanish speaking Latinas (Merz, Malcarne, Roesch, Riley, & Sadler, 20…”
MethodInfluential
Association between anxious symptoms and sleeping medication use among US older adults
Harris, D. A., McNicoll, L., Epstein-Lubow, G. P., & Thomas, K. S. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4795 · Cited by 15
“The PHQ‐2 is a 2‐question standardized and validated measure of depression in both clinical and elderly populations.(28,29) PHQ‐2 questions are “Over the last month, how often have you: a) had little interest or pleasure in doing things; b) felt down, depressed, or hopeless.”
Method
Association of environmental exposure to heavy metals and eczema in US population: Analysis of blood cadmium, lead, and mercury
Wei, J., Zhang, J. J., & Ji, J. S. (2018) · Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health · doi:10.1080/19338244.2018.1467874 · Cited by 15
“ment based on the nine DSM-IV symptoms for depression.(37,39) PHQ scores were classified as none (score 0–4), mild (score 5–9), moderate (score 10–14), and severe”
Method
Creatinine synthesis rate and muscle strength and self-reported physical health in dialysis patients
Poppe, E. S. J. M., Polinder‐Bos, H. A., Huberts, M., Vogels, S., Ipema, K. J. R., Gansevoort, R. T., Westerhuis, R., Bakker, S. J. L., Gaillard, S., & Franssen, C. F. M. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.07.010 · Cited by 15
Coach-Facilitated Web-Based Therapy Compared With Information About Web-Based Resources in Patients Referred to Secondary Mental Health Care for Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial
MacLean, S. E., Corsi, D. J., Litchfield, S., Kucharski, J., Genise, K., Selaman, Z., Testa, V., & Hatcher, S. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/15001 · Cited by 15
“The PHQ-9 is often used as a screening tool for major depressive disorder in primary care practice [28].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Text Messaging as a Screening Tool for Depression and Related Conditions in Underserved, Predominantly Minority Safety Net Primary Care Patients: Validity Study
Jin, H., & Wu, S. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17282 · Cited by 15
“Previous studies have tested the validity of conducting standardized depression screening, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), by using paper-based self-reported assessment [18-20], in-person interviewer (INTW) assessment [21,22], and telephone INTW assessment [11,21].”
Background
Enhanced care planning and clinical-community linkages versus usual care to address basic needs of patients with multiple chronic conditions: a clinician-level randomized controlled trial
Krist, A. H., O'Loughlin, K. M., Woolf, S. H., Sabo, R., Hinesley, J., Kuzel, A. J., Rybarczyk, B. D., Kashiri, P. L., Brooks, E. M., Glasgow, R. E., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04463-3 · Cited by 14

Authors: Arroll, B., Goodyear-Smith, F., Crengle, S., Gunn, J., Kerse, N., Fishman, T., Falloon, K., & Hatcher, S.
Affiliations: University of Auckland (NZ)
ORCID: Arroll, B.
Crengle, S.
Gunn, J.
Kerse, N.
Falloon, K.
Hatcher, S.
Venue: The Annals of Family Medicine
Publisher: Annals of Family Medicine
Published: 2010-07-01
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 348-353
ISSN: 1544-1709 (ISSN-L)
1544-1717
DOI: 10.1370/afm.1139
PMC: PMC2906530
OpenAlex: W2122884679
Cited by: 1,279
References: 18
Citations by year: 2026: 60 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 182 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 34.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Locations: The Annals of Family Medicine (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Health Research Council of New Zealand
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords: PHQ-2, PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire, major depressive disorder, depression screening, primary care, screening sensitivity and specificity, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, threshold scores, general practice
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, New Zealand, Physicians, Family, Predictive Value of Tests, Primary Health Care, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Software, Time Factors, Prevalence, Young Adult

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Validation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to Screen for Major Depression in the Primary Care Population

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