CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 22Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal AbnormalitiesSexual Differentiation and DisordersGender and Feminist Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Sexes

Open access
Whitfield, John·2004·PLoS Biology
DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020183PMC PMC423151
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

What defines a sex? Although we tend to think there are only two - males and females - there are many different ways to mix and match the attributes of sexes

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020183

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 3 An Ant with Three Sexes? (A) Two males from the harvester ant genus Pogonomyrmex, one from each genetic strain. In a recently discovered hybrid system, queens must mate with both types of males to produce reproductives and workers. Photo courtesy of Charles Hedgcock, Charles Hedgcock Photography, Tucson, Arizona, United States. (B) Hybrid workers emerging from a nest. Photo courtesy of Veronica Volny, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States.
Figure 3 An Ant with Three Sexes? (A) Two males from the harvester ant genus Pogonomyrmex, one from each genetic strain. In a recently discovered hybrid system, queens must mate with both types of males to produce reproductives and workers. Photo courtesy of Charles Hedgcock, Charles Hedgcock Photography, Tucson, Arizona, United States. (B) Hybrid workers emerging from a nest. Photo courtesy of Veronica Volny, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Four Different Species of Volvocales Algae (A) Gonium pectorale, (B) Eudorina elegans, (C) Pleodorina californica, and (D) Volvox carteri. These are unicellular organisms that live in colonies and have both large and small gametes. Photo courtesy of Aurora M. Nedelcu, from the Volvocales Information Project (http:\\www.unbf.ca\vip\index.htm).
Figure 4 Four Different Species of Volvocales Algae (A) Gonium pectorale, (B) Eudorina elegans, (C) Pleodorina californica, and (D) Volvox carteri. These are unicellular organisms that live in colonies and have both large and small gametes. Photo courtesy of Aurora M. Nedelcu, from the Volvocales Information Project (http:\\www.unbf.ca\vip\index.htm).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 1 Two Individuals of Pseudobiceros bedfordi About to Have a Sperm Battle Species of the flatworm genus Pseudobiceros are hermaphroditic and have two penises that are used to inject sperm into the partner. P. bedfordi is exceptional in that it applies sperm onto the partner's skin rather than injecting it. Photo courtesy of Nico Michiels.
Figure 1 Two Individuals of Pseudobiceros bedfordi About to Have a Sperm Battle Species of the flatworm genus Pseudobiceros are hermaphroditic and have two penises that are used to inject sperm into the partner. P. bedfordi is exceptional in that it applies sperm onto the partner's skin rather than injecting it. Photo courtesy of Nico Michiels.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Scars of Sex (A) Streaks of sperm (St) received after a mating interaction in the hermaphroditic flatworm, Pseudobiceros bedfordi. (B) Received sperm appears to “burn” holes (H) in the receiver. Some (unknown) component of the ejaculate dissolves the skin tissue. Sc, scar tissue. (C) Exceptional case where an individual received a large amount of sperm somewhere in the middle of the body, resulting in a large hole (asterisk). The the body subsequently tore in two. Individuals like these are occasionally found in the field and can regenerate much of their body. Photo courtesy of Nico Michiels.
Figure 2 Scars of Sex (A) Streaks of sperm (St) received after a mating interaction in the hermaphroditic flatworm, Pseudobiceros bedfordi. (B) Received sperm appears to “burn” holes (H) in the receiver. Some (unknown) component of the ejaculate dissolves the skin tissue. Sc, scar tissue. (C) Exceptional case where an individual received a large amount of sperm somewhere in the middle of the body, resulting in a large hole (asterisk). The the body subsequently tore in two. Individuals like these are occasionally found in the field and can regenerate much of their body. Photo courtesy of Nico Michiels.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 9 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 22

Related

Metadata

Authors
Whitfield, J.
Corresponding author
Whitfield, John
Venue
PLoS Biology
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2004-06-15
Volume
2
Issue
6
Pages
e183
ISSN
  • 1544-9173 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-7885
DOI
10.1371/journal.pbio.0020183
PMC
PMC423151
OpenAlex
W2067250516
Cited by
22
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
FWCI
0.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
Keywords
sex determination, sex differences, sexual dimorphism, sex chromosomes, sex determination genes
MeSH terms
Animals, Ants, Genes, Fungal, Germ Cells, Reproduction, Sex, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Sex Characteristics, Disorders of Sex Development, Yeasts, Sex Determination Processes

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review