Cited by 142Genetic Associations and EpidemiologyGenomics and Rare DiseasesForensic and Genetic Research

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Discovery of Rare Variants via Sequencing: Implications for the Design of Complex Trait Association Studies

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Li, Bingshan, Leal, Suzanne M.·2009·PLoS Genetics

Abstract

There is strong evidence that rare variants are involved in complex disease etiology. The first step in implicating rare variants in disease etiology is their identification through sequencing in both randomly ascertained samples (e.g., the 1,000 Genomes Project) and samples ascertained according to disease status. We investigated to what extent rare variants will be observed across the genome and in candidate genes in randomly ascertained samples, the magnitude of variant enrichment in diseased individuals, and biases that can occur due to how variants are discovered. Although sequencing cases can enrich for casual variants, when a gene or genes are not involved in disease etiology, limiting variant discovery to cases can lead to association studies with dramatically inflated false positive rates.

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Figure 1 The probabilities of variant discovery for a gene with ten rare variants that have equal population frequency and reside on separate haplotypes. Panels (A and B) display the probability of variant discovery in randomly ascertained samples when each of the variants has a population frequency of 0.001 (Panel A) or 0.005 (Panel B). Panels (C and D) display the probability of discovering causal variants in samples of cases when each of the ten rare variants has a genotypic RR = 2.0 under a dominant model and population frequency of 0.001 (Panel C) or 0.005 (Panel D).
Figure 1 The probabilities of variant discovery for a gene with ten rare variants that have equal population frequency and reside on separate haplotypes. Panels (A and B) display the probability of variant discovery in randomly ascertained samples when each of the variants has a population frequency of 0.001 (Panel A) or 0.005 (Panel B). Panels (C and D) display the probability of discovering causal variants in samples of cases when each of the ten rare variants has a genotypic RR = 2.0 under a dominant model and population frequency of 0.001 (Panel C) or 0.005 (Panel D).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Distribution of the frequencies of rare variants and the average proportion of rare variants discovered in randomly ascertained and case samples. Data were generated using coalescent simulation under the neutral Wright–Fisher model with a scaled mutation rate θ = 4. Panel (A) displays the distribution of rare variants with frequency ≤0.01 for 100 haplotype pools each with 10,000 haplotypes. Panel (B) displays the mean proportion of variants discovered for randomly ascertained samples and for case samples of N = 100, 200, 500, and 1,000 individuals. Results are based upon 10,000 replicates. Case samples were generated with 50% of rare variants randomly chosen to be causal each with a genotypic RR of 2 or 5 under the additive model.
Figure 2 Distribution of the frequencies of rare variants and the average proportion of rare variants discovered in randomly ascertained and case samples. Data were generated using coalescent simulation under the neutral Wright–Fisher model with a scaled mutation rate θ = 4. Panel (A) displays the distribution of rare variants with frequency ≤0.01 for 100 haplotype pools each with 10,000 haplotypes. Panel (B) displays the mean proportion of variants discovered for randomly ascertained samples and for case samples of N = 100, 200, 500, and 1,000 individuals. Results are based upon 10,000 replicates. Case samples were generated with 50% of rare variants randomly chosen to be causal each with a genotypic RR of 2 or 5 under the additive model.CC BY · PubMed Central

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  1. N Siva, 2008, 1,000 genomes project., Nat Biotechnol, 26, 256

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Metadata

Authors
Li, B., & Leal, S. M.
Affiliations
Baylor College of Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Leal, Suzanne M.
Venue
PLoS Genetics
Published
2009-05-15
Volume
5
Issue
5
Pages
e1000481
ISSN
  • 1553-7390 (ISSN-L)
  • 1553-7404
OpenAlex
W2108409892
Cited by
142
References
27
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 23
FWCI
14.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • PLoS Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (R01-DC03594, DC03594)
  • National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01-DC03594, R01DC003594)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
Keywords
rare variants, candidate genes, etiology, 1000 Genomes Project, causal variants
MeSH terms
Chromosome Mapping, False Positive Reactions, Gene Frequency, Haplotypes, Humans, Genetic Linkage, Models, Genetic, Probability, Genetic Variation, Models, Statistical, Genome, Human, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study

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