Social Contacts and Mixing Patterns Relevant to the Spread of Infectious Diseases

“For instance, household size, class size, transport statistics, and workplace size distribution have been used in recent models to define the contact structure [2, 3, 33, 34] .”

“For instance, household size, class size, transport statistics, and workplace size distribution have been used in recent models to define the contact structure [2, 3, 33, 34] .”

“Preparing for outbreaks of directly transmitted pathogens such as pandemic influenza [1] [2] [3] and SARS [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] , and controlling endemic diseases such as tuberculosis and meningococcal diseases, are major public health priorities.”

“Preparing for outbreaks of directly transmitted pathogens such as pandemic influenza [1] [2] [3] and SARS [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] , and controlling endemic diseases such as tuberculosis and meningococcal diseases, are major public health priorities.”

“Preparing for outbreaks of directly transmitted pathogens such as pandemic influenza [1] [2] [3] and SARS [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] , and controlling endemic diseases such as tuberculosis and meningococcal diseases, are major public health priorities.”

“This similarity implies that the results may well be applicable to other European countries, and that the initial phase of spread of newly emerging infections in susceptible populations, such as SARS was in 2003, is likely to be very similar across Europe and in countries with similar social structures.”

“For instance, household size, class size, transport statistics, and workplace size distribution have been used in recent models to define the contact structure [2,3,33,34].”

“Both can be achieved by nonpharmaceutical interventions such as school closure, travel restrictions, and contact tracing, or by health-care interventions such as vaccination and use of antiviral or antibiotic agents [2, [10] [11] [12] [13] .”

“Contact rates between individuals are often critical determinants of model outcomes [14].”

“In comparison to HIV and sexually transmitted diseases [15] [16] [17] and drug/needle sharing networks [18] , where a number of large-scale empirical studies have been conducted on contact patterns, relatively little effort has been devoted to infections spread by respiratory droplets or close contact.”

“A small number of studies have attempted to directly quantify such contact patterns, but they were conducted in small or nonrepresentative populations [14, [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] .”

“Both can be achieved by nonpharmaceutical interventions such as school closure, travel restrictions, and contact tracing, or by health-care interventions such as vaccination and use of antiviral or antibiotic agents [2, [10] [11] [12] [13] .”

“], where a number of large-scale empirical studies have been conducted on contact patterns, relatively little effort has been devoted to infections spread by respiratory droplets or close contact. Instead, the contact structure for these infections has been assumed to follow a predetermined pattern governed by a small…”

“Preparing for outbreaks of directly transmitted pathogens such as pandemic influenza [1] [2] [3] and SARS [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] , and controlling endemic diseases such as tuberculosis and meningococcal diseases, are major public health priorities.”

“A small number of studies have attempted to directly quantify such contact patterns, but they were conducted in small or nonrepresentative populations [14, [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] .”

“In comparison to HIV and sexually transmitted diseases [15] [16] [17] and drug/needle sharing networks [18] , where a number of large-scale empirical studies have been conducted on contact patterns, relatively little effort has been devoted to infections spread by respiratory droplets or close contact.”

“For instance, household size, class size, transport statistics, and workplace size distribution have been used in recent models to define the contact structure [2,3,33,34].”

“A small number of studies have attempted to directly quantify such contact patterns, but they were conducted in small or nonrepresentative populations [14, [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] .”

“There may be other at-risk events that our methodology does not capture, such as being in a confined space or in close physical proximity with other individuals and not talking to them [ 23 ].”

“This pattern is likely to be the main reason why children and teenagers are and have been an important conduit for the initial spread of closecontact infections in general and for influenza in particular [11,14] and our preliminary modelling work confirms this.”

“Preparing for outbreaks of directly transmitted pathogens such as pandemic influenza [1] [2] [3] and SARS [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] , and controlling endemic diseases such as tuberculosis and meningococcal diseases, are major public health priorities.”

“Despite the limitations of self-reported egocentric data [36] , contact diaries can provide extensive details regarding contact structures and have been used successfully for social network analysis [37] .”

“For a more extensive overview of applying association rules on contact data see [29].”

“In comparison to HIV and sexually transmitted diseases [15–17] and drug/needle sharing networks [18], where a number of large-scale empirical studies have been conducted on contact patterns, relatively little effort has been devoted to infections spread by respiratory droplets or close contact.”

“Instead, the contact structure for these infections has been assumed to follow a predetermined pattern governed by a small number of parameters that are then estimated using seroepidemiological data [19,20].”

“Contact surface smoothing was performed by applying a negative binomial model on the aggregated number of contacts (both physical and nonphysical) over 5 y age bands for both responders and contacts using a tensor product spline as a smooth interaction term [30, 31] .”

“105) 43 (40-46) 72 (67-78) UK sequence separate-slopes binomial GLMM (1|LTLA/OBS) + REGION * DATE London VOC vs.”