Cited by 2,054Tuberculosis Research and EpidemiologyHIV, TB, and STIs EpidemiologyInfectious Diseases and Tuberculosis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Global Burden of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Re-estimation Using Mathematical Modelling

Open access

Houben, Rein M. G. J., Dodd, Peter J.·2016·PLOS Medicine

DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002152PMC PMC5079585

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The existing estimate of the global burden of latent TB infection (LTBI) as "one-third" of the world population is nearly 20 y old. Given the importance of controlling LTBI as part of the End TB Strategy for eliminating TB by 2050, changes in demography and scientific understanding, and progress in TB control, it is important to re-assess the global burden of LTBI. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We constructed trends in annual risk in infection (ARI) for countries between 1934 and 2014 using a combination of direct estimates of ARI from LTBI surveys (131 surveys from 1950 to 2011) and indirect estimates of ARI calculated from World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates of smear positive TB prevalence from 1990 to 2014. Gaussian process regression was used to generate ARIs for country-years without data and to represent uncertainty. Estimated ARI time-series were applied to the demography in each country to calculate the number and proportions of individuals infected, recently infected (infected within 2 y), and recently infected with isoniazid (INH)-resistant strains. Resulting estimates were aggregated by WHO region. We estimated the contribution of existing infections to TB incidence in 2035 and 2050. In 2014, the global burden of LTBI was 23.0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 20.4%-26.4%), amounting to approximately 1.7 billion people. WHO South-East Asia, Western-Pacific, and Africa regions had the highest prevalence and accounted for around 80% of those with LTBI. Prevalence of recent infection was 0.8% (95% UI: 0.7%-0.9%) of the global population, amounting to 55.5 (95% UI: 48.2-63.8) million individuals currently at high risk of TB disease, of which 10.9% (95% UI:10.2%-11.8%) was isoniazid-resistant. Current LTBI alone, assuming no additional infections from 2015 onwards, would be expected to generate TB incidences in the region of 16.5 per 100,000 per year in 2035 and 8.3 per 100,000 per year in 2050. Limitations included the quantity and methodological heterogeneity of direct ARI data, and limited evidence to inform on potential clearance of LTBI. CONCLUSIONS: We estimate that approximately 1.7 billion individuals were latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) globally in 2014, just under a quarter of the global population. Investment in new tools to improve diagnosis and treatment of those with LTBI at risk of progressing to disease is urgently needed to address this latent reservoir if the 2050 target of eliminating TB is to be reached.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002152

Cites

26 of 26 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Global Burden of Tuberculosis
Dye, C., Scheele, S., >Dolin, P., Pathania, V. S., Raviglione, M. C., & for the WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.7.677 · Cited by 2,955
The Growing Burden of Tuberculosis: Global Trends and Interactions With the HIV Epidemic
Corbett, E. L., Watt, C. J., Walker, N., Maher, D., Williams, B. G., Raviglione, M. C., & Dye, C. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.9.1009 · Cited by 2,553
WHO's new End TB Strategy
Uplekar, M., Weil, D., Lonnroth, K., Jaramillo, E., Lienhardt, C., Dias, H. M., Falzon, D., Floyd, K., Gargioni, G., Getahun, H., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60570-0 · Cited by 1,117
Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide: a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness
Trunz, B. B., Fine, P., & Dye, C. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68507-3 · Cited by 1,114
Gamma Interferon Release Assays for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Pai, M., Denkinger, C. M., Kik, S. V., Rangaka, M. X., Zwerling, A. A., Oxlade, O., Metcalfe, J. Z., Cattamanchi, A., Dowdy, D. W., Dheda, K. U. J., et al. (2014) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00034-13 · Cited by 881
A blood RNA signature for tuberculosis disease risk: a prospective cohort study
Zak, D. E., Penn‐Nicholson, A., Scriba, T. J., Thompson, E. G., Suliman, S., Amon, L. M., Mahomed, H., Erasmus, M., Whatney, W. E., Hussey, G. D., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01316-1 · Cited by 779
Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Getahun, H., Matteelli, A., Chaisson, R. E., & Raviglione, M. C. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1405427 · Cited by 776
The natural history of tuberculosis: the implications of age-dependent risks of disease and the role of reinfection
Vynnycky, E., & Fine, P. (1997) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268897007917 · Cited by 562
Predictive value of interferon-γ release assays for incident active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Rangaka, M. X., Wilkinson, K. A., Glynn, J. R., Ling, D. I., Menzies, D., Mwansa-Kambafwile, J. R. M., Fielding, K., Wilkinson, R. J., & Pai, M. (2011) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70210-9 · Cited by 475
Burden of childhood tuberculosis in 22 high-burden countries: a mathematical modelling study
Dodd, P. J., Gardiner, E., Coghlan, R., & Seddon, J. A. (2014) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70245-1 · Cited by 368
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 26 references

Sorted by citations

Items 901–1,000 of 1,001

A Comparative Study on the Mechanism of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Mediated by the Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Fusion Protein ESAT6-CFP10 and Purified Protein Derivative
Guo, X., Du, W., Li, J., Dong, J., Shen, X., Su, C., Zhao, A., Wu, Y., & Xu, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242316612 · Cited by 8
Integrative and comparative genomic analyses of mammalian macrophage responses to intracellular mycobacterial pathogens
Hall, T. J., McHugo, G. P., Mullen, M. P., Ward, J. A., Killick, K. E., Browne, J. A., Gordon, S. V., & MacHugh, D. E. (2023) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2023.102453 · Cited by 8
Economic evaluation of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific antigen-based skin tests for detection of TB infection: A modelling study
Goscé, L., Allel, K., Hamada, Y., Korobitsyn, A., Ismail, N. A., Bashir, S., Denkinger, C. M., Abubakar, I., White, P. J., & Rangaka, M. X. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002573 · Cited by 8
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Tuberculosis Incidence, Arkansas, USA, 2010–2021
Humayun, M., Mukasa, L., Ye, W., Bates, J. H., & Yang, Z. (2023) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid3001.230778 · Cited by 8
Expression of HLA-DR and KLRG1 enhances the cytotoxic potential and cytokine secretion capacity of CD3+ T cells in tuberculosis patients
Yang, Y., Shi, H., Zhou, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112115 · Cited by 8
Analysis of the potential regulatory mechanisms of female and latent genital tuberculosis affecting ovarian reserve function using untargeted metabolomics
Wang, Z., Zhang, X., Dai, B., Li, D., & Chen, X. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60167-7 · Cited by 9
Epigenetic programming of host lipid metabolism associated with resistance to TST/IGRA conversion after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Dill‐McFarland, K. A., Simmons, J. D., Peterson, G. J., Nguyen, F. K., Campo, M., Benchek, P. H., Stein, C. M., Vaisar, T., Mayanja‐Kizza, H., Boom, W. H., et al. (2024) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00628-24 · Cited by 8
Association of systemic inflammation response index with latent tuberculosis infection and all-cause mortality: a cohort study from NHANES 2011-2012
Wang, L., Kuang, Y., Zeng, Y., Wan, Z., Yang, S., & Li, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1538132 · Cited by 8
Latent Tuberculosis Infection
Zellweger, J.-P. (2018) · European Respiratory & Pulmonary Diseases · doi:10.17925/erpd.2018.4.1.21 · Cited by 8
Analyzing Policymaking for Tuberculosis Control in Nigeria
Ahmad, N. M. R., Montañola‐Sales, C., Prats, C., Musa, M., López, D., & Casanovas, J. (2018) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2018/9253846 · Cited by 8
From the past, a long way to future challenges for a greater control of tuberculosis
Villa, S., Riccardi, N., Canetti, D., Alagna, R., Castellotti, P. F., Ferrarese, M., Cirillo, D. M., Barberis, I., Bragazzi, N. L., Gazzaniga, V., et al. (2020) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2020.101948 · Cited by 8
Are We There Yet? Short-Course Regimens in TB and HIV: From Prevention to Treatment of Latent to XDR TB
Ignatius, E. H., & Swindells, S. (2020) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-020-00529-8 · Cited by 8
Cost‐effectiveness of a 12 country‐intervention to scale up short course TB preventive therapy among people living with HIV
Shin, H., Jo, Y., Chaisson, R. E., Turner, K., Churchyard, G., & Dowdy, D. W. (2020) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25629 · Cited by 8
RISK FACTORS OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN HEALTHCARE WORKERS AT HOSPITALS IN JEMBER CITY INDONESIA
Wardani, H. R., Mertaniasih, N. M., & Soedarsono, S. (2020) · African Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.21010/ajid.v15i1.4 · Cited by 9
Evaluation of a lateral flow assay–based IFN-γ release assay as a point-of-care test for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection
Lee, H. H., Choi, D. H., Kim, J., Kim, Y. G., Jo, K., & Shim, T. S. (2021) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05663-1 · Cited by 8
Systematic review of latent tuberculosis infection research to inform programmatic management in Ireland
O’Connell, J., de Barra, E., & McConkey, S. J. (2021) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-021-02779-w · Cited by 8
Unilateral Testicular Tuberculosis: An Extra-Pulmonary Manifestation
Al-Hashimi, K. A., & Said, U. N. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.18896 · Cited by 8
Decreased annual risk of tuberculosis infection in South Korean healthcare workers using interferon-gamma release assay between 1986 and 2005
Lee, E. H., Son, N., Kwak, S. H., Choi, J. S., Kim, M., Seol, C. H., Kim, S., Park, B. H., & Kang, Y. A. (2021) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06855-5 · Cited by 8
Paediatric tuberculosis diagnosis using Mycobacterium tuberculosis real-time polymerase chain reaction assay: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Babafemi, E. O., Cherian, B. P., Ouma, B., & Mogoko, G. M. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01836-w · Cited by 10
Effectiveness of a 6-Month Isoniazid on Prevention of Incident Tuberculosis Among People Living with HIV in Eritrea: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Russom, M., Woldu, H. G., Berhane, A., Jeannetot, D. Y. B., Stricker, B. H. C., & Verhamme, K. M. C. (2022) · Infectious Diseases and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40121-022-00589-w · Cited by 8
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Huang, L., Nazarova, E. V., & Russell, D. G. (2020) · John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781683670261.ch9 · Cited by 9
Multicenter Testing of a Simple Molecular Diagnostic System for the Diagnosis of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Lee, H. J., Kim, N., Lee, E. H., Yoon, Y.-S., Jeong, Y. J., Lee, B. C., Koo, B., Jang, Y. O., Kim, S., Kang, Y. A., et al. (2023) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios13020259 · Cited by 8
Surviving Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Navigating the Long Term Respiratory Effects
Bansal, A., Yanamaladoddi, V. R., Sarvepalli, S. S., Vemula, S. L., Aramadaka, S., Mannam, R., & Narayanan, R. S. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.38811 · Cited by 10
Treatment strategies for the latent tuberculosis infections
Cao, H., Song, B., & Zhou, Y. (2023) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s00285-023-01927-3 · Cited by 8
Pericardial Disease in the Developing World
Ntsekhe, M. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2023.05.005 · Cited by 8
Gliosis, misfolded protein aggregation, and neuronal loss in a guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis
Latham, A. S., Geer, C. E., Ackart, D. F., Anderson, I. K., Vittoria, K. M., Podell, B. K., Basaraba, R. J., & Moreno, J. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1157652 · Cited by 9
Efficacy Testing of H56 cDNA Tattoo Immunization against Tuberculosis in a Mouse Model
Platteel, A. C. M., Nieuwenhuizen, N. E., Domaszewska, T., Schuerer, S., Zedler, U., Brinkmann, V., Sijts, A. J. A. M., & Kaufmann, S. H. E. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01744 · Cited by 9
Management of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Children from Developing Countries
Jain, A., & Lodha, R. (2019) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-019-02861-3 · Cited by 8
Tuberculosis infection in under‐2‐year‐old refugees: Should we be screening? A systematic review and meta‐regression analysis
Ghosh, S., Dronavalli, M., & Raman, S. (2019) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.14701 · Cited by 8
Mycobacteria and immunosuppression
Winthrop, K. L., & Roy, E. E. (2020) · Technical report · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64217-2.00005-1 · Cited by 8
Tuberculin skin test positivity among HIV-infected alcohol drinkers on antiretrovirals in south-western Uganda
Muyindike, W. R., Fatch, R., Cheng, D. M., Emenyonu, N. I., Ngabirano, C., Adong, J., Linas, B. P., Jacobson, K. R., & Hahn, J. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235261 · Cited by 7
Association between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and tuberculin skin test positivity in HIV-positive adults
Ginderdeuren, E. V., Bassett, J., Hanrahan, C. F., & Rie, A. V. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253907 · Cited by 8
Tuberculosis preventive treatment in people living with HIV—Is the glass half empty or half full?
Oxlade, O., Rochon, H., Campbell, J. R., & Menzies, D. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003702 · Cited by 8
Modeling the structural origins of drug resistance to isoniazid via key mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase, KatG
Marney, M. W., Metzger, R. P., Hecht, D., & Valafar, F. (2017) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2017.11.007 · Cited by 8
Diagnostic Test for Incipient Tuberculosis: A Step Forward, Many More to Go
Schumacher, S. G., & Denkinger, C. M. (2018) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201803-0469ed · Cited by 8
Tuberculose extrapulmonar com envolvimento renal e intestinal: Um desafio no diagnóstico precoce
de Araújo, F. G. A., Saotome, L., Pierini, J. L. D. G., & Ruivo, G. F. (2023) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v12i14.44516 · Cited by 7
Polygenic TB control and the sequence of innate/adaptive immune responses to infection: MHC ‐ II alleles determine the size of the S100A8 /9‐producing neutrophil population
Logunova, N. N., Kapina, M. A., Dyatlov, A. V., Kondratieva, T. K., Rubakova, E. I., Majorov, K. B., Kondratieva, E., Linge, I. A., & Apt, A. S. (2024) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13836 · Cited by 7
The inflammasome adaptor pycard is essential for immunity against Mycobacterium marinum infection in adult zebrafish
Uusi-Mäkelä, M. I. E., Harjula, S.-K. E., Junno, M., Sillanpää, A., Nätkin, R., Niskanen, M., Saralahti, A. K., Nykter, M., & Rämet, M. (2025) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.052061 · Cited by 7
Standard E TB-Feron ELISA and Standard F TB-Feron FIA positivity rates and agreement with QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus among TB high-risk population in Bandung, Indonesia
Turbawaty, D. K., Maulida, S. N., Anadhea, D. R., Ritonga, M. A., Andriyoko, B., Wisaksana, R., Indrati, A. R., Soetedjo, N. N. M., Hamijoyo, L., Koesoemadinata, R. C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01486-24 · Cited by 7
Mycobacterium tuberculosis CrgA Forms a Dimeric Structure with Its Transmembrane Domain Sandwiched between Cytoplasmic and Periplasmic β-Sheets, Enabling Multiple Interactions with Other Divisome Proteins
Shin, Y., Prasad, R., Das, N., Taylor, J. A., Qin, H., Hu, W., Hu, Y., Fu, R., Zhang, R., Zhou, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.4c17168 · Cited by 6
Undiagnosed burden of latent tuberculosis, active tuberculosis and tuberculosis-HIV co-infections in Africa—status quo, needs, priorities, and opportunities
Kapata, N., Tembo, J. M., Mwaba, P., Nabyonga‐Orem, J., Ntoumi, F., McHugh, T. D., & Zumla, A. I. (2025) · IJID Regions · doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100585 · Cited by 7
Rapid and sensitive detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using the RPA/Cas12f1_ge4.1 system with fluorescence and lateral flow readouts
Deng, Z., Weng, X., Tang, H., Zou, T., Zhou, X., Liu, H., Wen, P., Luo, G., Gan, T., & He, J. (2025) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.02652-24 · Cited by 7
Good Agreement between an Interferon Gamma Release Assay and Tuberculin Skin Tests in Testing for Latent Tuberculosis Infection among HIV-Infected Patients in Indonesia
Reviono, R., Saptawati, L., Harioputro, D. R., & Suryawati, B. (2019) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e259 · Cited by 7
Burden of Active Tuberculosis in an Integrated Health Care System, 1997–2016: Incidence, Mortality, and Excess Health Care Utilization
Wada, P. Y., Lee-Rodriguez, C., Hung, Y., & Skarbinski, J. (2020) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa015 · Cited by 7
SPATIAL MODELING OF ENVIRONMENTAL-BASED RISK FACTORS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN BALI PROVINCE: AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY
Saputra, F. F., Wahjuni, C. U., & Isfandiari, M. A. (2020) · Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi · doi:10.20473/jbe.v8i12020.26-34 · Cited by 7
The potential impact of vaccination on tuberculosis burden in India: A modelling analysis
Arinaminpathy, N., Rade, K., Kumar, R., Joshi, R. P., & Rao, R. (2023) · International Journal of Microbiology Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_328_23 · Cited by 8
Global asymptotic stability of an age-structured tuberculosis model: An analytical method to determine kernel coefficients in Lyapunov functional
Chen, Y., Wang, L., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2024.114649 · Cited by 7
Higher blood manganese level associated with increased risk of adult latent tuberculosis infection in the US population
Qi, M., Zhang, H., & He, J.-Q. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1440287 · Cited by 7
Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in migrants in primary careversussecondary care
Burman, M., Zenner, D., Copas, A. J., Goscé, L., Haghparast‐Bidgoli, H., White, P. J., Hickson, V., Greyson, O., Trathen, D., Ashcroft, R. E., et al. (2024) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.01733-2023 · Cited by 7
Self-Adjuvanting Adenoviral Nanovaccine for Effective T-Cell-Mediated Immunity and Long-Lasting Memory Cell Activation against Tuberculosis
Sowndharya, C. K., Mehnath, S., Ponbharathi, A., & Jeyaraj, M. (2024) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00619 · Cited by 8
Efficacy and Safety of Systematic Corticosteroids Treatment Among Patients With HIV and Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Pu, J., Wu, S., & He, J. (2024) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciae563 · Cited by 7
Knowledge and Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Feasibility and Pilot Study in a Primary Healthcare Setting in Rural Eastern Cape, South Africa
Magwaza, C., Laguda-Akingba, O., Apalata, T. R., & Faye, L. M. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22030320 · Cited by 7
Association between hematological inflammatory markers and latent TB infection: insights from NHANES 2011–2012 and transcriptomic data
Liu, Y., He, C., Zhao, H., Zhong, W., Sun, S., Li, Z., & Shi, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1556048 · Cited by 8
Active and Inactive Tuberculosis Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks with MLP-Mixer
Rim, B., Jang, H., Lee, H., & Jeon, W. (2025) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering12060630 · Cited by 7
Global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis due to smoking, 1990-2021: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study
Zhao, G., Wu, Y., Song, C., Sun, Y., Zang, S., Tian, F., Gao, Z., Zhang, C., & Wang, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1624090 · Cited by 7
Isoniazid preventive therapy for children in sub-Saharan Africa
Meremikwu, M. M., & Zumla, A. I. (2019) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(19)30037-2 · Cited by 7
BCG vaccination following latent TB treatment: Possible implications for different settings
Goscé, L., Bitencourt, J., Gupta, R. K., Arruda, S. M., Rodrigues, L. C., & Abubakar, I. (2019) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.026 · Cited by 7
A long journey to be diagnosed as a case of tuberculous cystitis: A Bangladeshi case report and review of literatures
Haque, M., Chowdhury, T. S., & Naser, M. (2020) · International Journal of Mycobacteriology · doi:10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_101_20 · Cited by 7
Vaccination with Intradermal Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Provides Robust Protection against Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis but Not Pulmonary Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Tsujimura, Y., Shiogama, Y., Soma, S., Okamura, T., Takano, J., Urano, E., Murakata, Y., Kawano, A., Yamakawa, N., Asaka, M. N., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2000386 · Cited by 7
Cost effectiveness of three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis in Syrian refugees
Ilaiwy, G., & Dowdy, D. W. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100262 · Cited by 7
Screening for active and latent TB among migrants in France
Luan, L. T., Fraisse, P., Cordel, H., Charlois-Ou, C., Mechai, F., Ibañez, G. E., Hargreaves, S., Mechain, M., & Vignier, N. (2021) · The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · doi:10.5588/ijtld.21.0231 · Cited by 7
Tuberculosis latente: diagnóstico y tratamiento actual
Carlos Peña, M. (2022) · Revista chilena de enfermedades respiratorias · doi:10.4067/s0717-73482022000300123 · Cited by 7
Antigen-Induced IL-1RA Production Discriminates Active and Latent Tuberculosis Infection
Sánchez, C., Jaramillo‐Valverde, L., Capristano, S., Solis, G., Soto, A., Valdivia‐Silva, J., Poterico, J. A., & Guio, H. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11061385 · Cited by 7
Latent tuberculosis diagnostics: current scenario and review
Gupta, A., Chandra, E., Anand, S., Kumar, N. P., Arora, R., Rana, D., & Mrigpuri, P. (2024) · Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease · doi:10.4081/monaldi.2024.2984 · Cited by 7
Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Mycobacterium spp. in the United Arab Emirates: a retrospective analysis of 12 years of national antimicrobial resistance surveillance data
Thomsen, J., Abdulrazzaq, N. M., Nyasulu, P. S., Hosani, F. I. A., Habous, M., Weber, S., Jabeen, F., Menezes, G. A., Moubareck, C. A., Senok, A. C., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1244353 · Cited by 7
DAMP-ing IBD: Extinguish the Fire and Prevent Smoldering
Sandys, O., Stokkers, P. C. F., & Velde, A. A. T. (2024) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-024-08523-5 · Cited by 9
Tuberculosis updates 2018: Innovations and developments to end TB
Leung, C. C., Chee, C. B. E., & Zhang, Y. (2017) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/resp.13244 · Cited by 7
Tuberculosis Specific Interferon-Gamma Production in a Current Refugee Cohort in Western Europe
Dopfer‐Jablonka, A., Dopfer, C., Happle, C., Sogkas, G., Ernst, D., Atschekzei, F., Hirsch, S., Schäll, A., Jirmo, A. C., Solbach, P., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061263 · Cited by 7
Boosting effect of IL-7 in interferon gamma release assays to diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Hiza, H. C., Fenner, L., Hella, J., Kuchaka, D. J., Sasamalo, M., Blauenfeldt, T., Kibiki, G. S., Kavishe, R. A., Mhimbira, F., & Rühwald, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202525 · Cited by 7
Using a quality improvement approach to improve care for latent tuberculosis infection
Barss, L., & Menzies, D. (2018) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1080/14787210.2018.1521269 · Cited by 7
Tuberculosis Elimination in Malaysia by 2035: Linkages and Implications to SDGs
Koh, H. L., Kadir, M. N. A., Noordin, N. M., & Teh, S. Y. (2019) · International Journal of Social Science and Humanity · doi:10.18178/ijssh.2019.v9.1003 · Cited by 7
IL-12Rβ1 deficiency corresponding to concurrency of two diseases, mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease and Crohn's disease
Khoshnevisan, R., Nekooie‐Marnany, N., Klein, C., Kotlarz, D., Behnam, M., Ostadi, V., Yaran, M., Rezaei, A., & Sherkat, R. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jctube.2019.100123 · Cited by 7
Does Isoniazid Preventive Therapy Provide Better Treatment Outcomes in HIV-Infected Individuals in Northern Ethiopia? A Retrospective Cohort Study
Atey, T. M., Bitew, H., Asgedom, S. W., Endrias, A., & Berhe, D. F. (2020) · AIDS Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2020/7025738 · Cited by 7
Expressions of miR-29a, TNF-Α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Peripheral Blood of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients and Their Clinical Significance
Zhenyu, L. I., Li, C., Bao, R., & Liu, Z. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.18502/ijph.v49i9.4085 · Cited by 7
Developing a diagnostic method for latent tuberculosis infection using circulating miRNA
Hashimoto, S., Zhao, H. C., Hayakawa, M., Nakajima, K., Taguchi, Y., & Murakami, Y. (2020) · Translational Medicine Communications · doi:10.1186/s41231-020-00078-7 · Cited by 7
Long non-coding RNAs ENST00000429730.1 and MSTRG.93125.4 are associated with metabolic activity in tuberculosis lesions of sputum-negative tuberculosis patients
Wang, L., Wen, Z., Ma, H., Wu, L., Chen, H., Zhu, Y., Niu, L., Wu, Q., Li, H., Shi, L., et al. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202634 · Cited by 7
Transcriptional signatures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells can identify the risk of tuberculosis progression from latent infection among individuals with silicosis
Ruan, Q., Yang, Q., Gao, Y.-X., Wu, J., Lin, S., Zhou, J., Shao, L., Wang, S., Liu, Q., Gao, Y., et al. (2021) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2021.1915184 · Cited by 7
Four months of rifampicin monotherapy for latent tuberculosis infection in children
Oh, C. E., & Menzies, D. (2021) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/cep.2021.01186 · Cited by 7
Latent tuberculosis reactivation in the setting of SARS-Cov-2 infection: The analysis of the radiologic features that help the diagnosis
Iovino, M., Caruso, M., Corvino, A., Vargas, N., F, S., Cantelli, A., Rispo, M., Pennacchio, V., & Fernandes, G. (2022) · Radiology Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2022.01.063 · Cited by 7
Evaluation of a transcriptomic signature of tuberculosis risk in combination with an interferon gamma release assay: A diagnostic test accuracy study
Mulenga, H., Fiore-Gartland, A. J., Mendelsohn, S. C., Penn‐Nicholson, A., Mbandi, S. K., Nemes, E., Borate, B. R., Musvosvi, M., Tameris, M. D., Walzl, G., et al. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101396 · Cited by 7
Medical management of drug-sensitive active thoracic tuberculosis: the work-up, radiographic findings and treatment
Eddy, J. J., Khan, T. A., & Schembri, F. M. (2018) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd.2018.08.84 · Cited by 7
Risk of tuberculosis in low birth weight children from East Romania
Banu, E. A., Nechita, A., Elkan-Cojocaru, E. M., Baciu, G., Manole, A., & Chelaru, L. (2018) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2018.78768 · Cited by 7
CTL immunogenicity of Rv3615c antigen and diagnostic performances of an ESAT-6/CFP-10/Rv3615c antigen cocktail for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Tan, S., Lin, N., Huang, M., Wang, Q., Tan, Y., Li, B., Zhang, N., Guo, T., Cui, Y.-B., Chen, X., et al. (2017) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2017.07.011 · Cited by 7
Multimodal memory T cell profiling identifies a reduction in a polyfunctional Th17 state associated with tuberculosis progressionPreprint
Nathan, A., Beynor, J. I., Baglaenko, Y., Suliman, S., Ishigaki, K., Asgari, S., Huang, C.-C., Luo, Y., Zhang, Z., Lopez, K., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.057828 · Cited by 7
Variants of human DECTIN-1 rs16910526 are linked to differential reactive oxygen species production and susceptibility to tuberculosis
Cufré, M., Pastorini, M., Martín, I., Failde, R., Palmero, D., & Alemán, M. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-024-01067-w · Cited by 6
Tuberculosis infection prevention and control
Sarkar, M. S. (2024) · Indian Journal of Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.08.011 · Cited by 13
Community-Wide Active Case Finding for Tuberculosis: Time to Use the Evidence We Have
Coleman, M. C., Lowbridge, C., du Cros, P., & Marais, B. J. (2024) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed9090214 · Cited by 7
Long non-coding RNA transcripts in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-host interactions
Vijayaraghavan, M., Gadad, S. S., & Dhandayuthapani, S. (2024) · Non-coding RNA Research · doi:10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.12.005 · Cited by 8
Safety of interleukin-17A inhibitors in 306 patients with psoriasis with or without latent tuberculosis: a dual-centre retrospective study in China
Hu, K., Liu, Y., Sha, Y., Zhang, M., Jian, L., Duan, Y., Lv, C., & Kuang, Y. (2025) · Clinical and Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1093/ced/llae549 · Cited by 6
Determinants of Non-Adherence to Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment in a Public Primary Healthcare Clinic in South Africa: Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care
Katende-Kyenda, L. N. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22081209 · Cited by 6
Pathogens accelerate features of human aging: A review of molecular mechanisms
Proal, A. D., & VanElzakker, M. B. (2025) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2025.102865 · Cited by 7
Tuberculosis Today: Microbial Insights, Epidemiological Trends, and the Role of Molecular Diagnostics
Maciejak, A., Sygitowicz, G., Brzezińska, S., Bielska, K., & AUGUSTYNOWICZ-KOPEĆ, E. M. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14100965 · Cited by 6
Performance of Screening Strategies for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results from the ENEIDA Registry of GETECCU
Riestra, S., Taxonera, C., Zabana, Y., Carpio, D., Chaparro, M., Barrio, J., Rivero, M., López–Sanromán, A., Esteve, M., de Francisco, R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11133915 · Cited by 6
Mycobacteria modulate SUMOylation to suppresses protective responses in dendritic cells
Anang, V., Singh, A., Rana, A. K., Saraswati, S. S. K., Bandyopadhyay, U., Verma, C., Chadha, A., & Natarajan, K. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283448 · Cited by 6
Active Tuberculosis Is Associated with Depletion of HIV-Specific CD4 and CD8 T Cells in People with HIV
Khayumbi, J., Sasser, L. E., McLaughlin, T. A., Muchiri, B. G., Ongalo, J., Tonui, J., Ouma, S. G., Campbell, A., Odhiambo, F. H., Chelimo, K., et al. (2024) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2023.0088 · Cited by 6
Twice-Daily Dolutegravir–Based Antiretroviral Therapy With 1 Month of Daily Rifapentine and Isoniazid for Tuberculosis Prevention
Podany, A. T., Cramer, Y. S., Imperial, M. Z., Rosenkranz, S. L., Avihingsanon, A., Arduino, R. C., Samaneka, W. P., Gelmanova, I. Y., Savić, R. M., Swindells, S., et al. (2024) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciae183 · Cited by 6
Metabolic changes enhance necroptosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vankayalapati, A., Durojaye, O., Mukherjee, T., Paidipally, P., Owusu-Afriyie, B., Vankayalapati, R., & Radhakrishnan, R. K. (2024) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012148 · Cited by 6
Immunoproteomic discovery of Mycobacterium bovis antigens, including the surface lipoprotein Mpt83 as a T cell antigen useful for vaccine development
Karunakaran, K. P., Yu, H. B., Jiang, X., Chan, Q. W. T., Sigola, L. B., Millis, L. A., Chen, J., Tang, P., Foster, L. J., & Brunham, R. C. (2024) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126266 · Cited by 6
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Suppresses Inflammatory Responses in Host through Its Cholesterol Metabolites
Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Li, W., Tang, H., Zhou, Y. Q., You, D., Chu, X., Li, H., Shang, J., Qi, N., et al. (2024) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00529 · Cited by 6
Low concordance between QIAreach QuantiFERON-TB, a novel interferon-gamma release assay, and QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus, in a population-based survey in Blantyre, Malawi
Rickman, H. M., Phiri, M. D., Mbale, H., Horton, K. C., Henrion, M., Nightingale, E., Seddon, J. A., Corbett, E. L., & MacPherson, P. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01323-24 · Cited by 6

Authors: Houben, R. M. G. J., & Dodd, P. J.
Affiliations: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
University of Sheffield (GB)
Corresponding author: Houben, Rein M. G. J.
ORCID: Houben, Rein M. G. J.
Dodd, Peter J.
Venue: PLOS Medicine
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2016-10-25
Volume: 13
Issue: 10
Pages: e1002152
ISSN: 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
1549-1676
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002152
PMC: PMC5079585
OpenAlex: W2533230523
Cited by: 2,054
References: 26
Citations by year: 2026: 160 · 2025: 259 · 2024: 242 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 237 · 2020: 257 · 2019: 205 · 2018: 167 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 5
FWCI: 22.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (US) (OPP1084276)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › HIV, TB, and STIs Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
Keywords: latent tuberculosis infection, global burden of disease, annual risk of infection, isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis, recent infection, End TB Strategy, Gaussian process regression, WHO regions, tuberculosis control, uncertainty quantification, demography
MeSH terms: Antitubercular Agents, Humans, Isoniazid, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Risk, Global Health, Incidence, Prevalence, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant, Latent Tuberculosis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Global Burden of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Re-estimation Using Mathematical Modelling

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks