Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in the Developing Brain
Open accessAbstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are key players of the innate and adaptive immune response in vertebrates. The original protein Toll in Drosophila melanogaster regulates both host defense and morphogenesis during development. Making use of real-time PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry we systematically examined the expression of TLR1-9 and the intracellular adaptor molecules MyD88 and TRIF during development of the mouse brain. Expression of TLR7 and TLR9 in the brain was strongly regulated during different embryonic, postnatal, and adult stages. In contrast, expression of TLR1-6, TLR8, MyD88, and TRIF mRNA displayed no significant changes in the different phases of brain development. Neurons of various brain regions including the neocortex and the hippocampus were identified as the main cell type expressing both TLR7 and TLR9 in the developing brain. Taken together, our data reveal specific expression patterns of distinct TLRs in the developing mouse brain and lay the foundation for further investigation of the pathophysiological significance of these receptors for developmental processes in the central nervous system of vertebrates.
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Responses to unmethylated CpG DNA have been detected in CNS cells.
“responses to unmethylated CpG DNA have been detected in CNS cells.49,50,51”
From An innate immune response to adeno-associated virus genomes decreases cortical dendritic complexity and disrupts synaptic transmission (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
The TLR9 gene is expressed by microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in the CNS.
“The TLR9 gene is expressed by microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in the CNS”
From An innate immune response to adeno-associated virus genomes decreases cortical dendritic complexity and disrupts synaptic transmission (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
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References 32 · Cited by 141
- Authors
- Kaul, D., Habbel, P., Derkow, K., Krüger, C., Franzoni, E., Wulczyn, F. G., Bereswill, S., Nitsch, R., Schott, E., Veh, R., Naumann, T., & Lehnardt, S.
- Affiliations
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Lehnardt, Seija
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-05-30
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e37767
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3364272
- OpenAlex
- W2011841911
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB TRR 43, NeuroCure EXC257, EXC257, TRR-43)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Keywords
- Toll-like receptors, brain development, TLR7, TLR9, MyD88, TRIF, innate immunity, neurons, hippocampus, neocortex, mouse embryo, gene expression patterns
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Axons, Brain, Humans, RNA, Messenger, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Toll-Like Receptors, Mice, HEK293 Cells, Transcriptome
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