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The Chemokine Receptor CCR5, a Therapeutic Target for HIV/AIDS Antagonists, Is Critical for Recovery in a Mouse Model of Japanese Encephalitis

Larena, Maximilian, Regner, Matthias, Lobigs, Mario·2012·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0044834PMC PMC3448613
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Figure 1 Susceptibility of CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice to infection with JEV. Groups of 8-week-old mice were infected i.v. with 103 PFU of JEV. Morbidity and mortality were recorded daily, and surviving mice were monitored for 28 days. The data shown were constructed from two independent experiments. The significance of differences in mortality between wild-type (n = 28) and knockout mice (n = 42) was determined by using the log-rank test (**, P<0.01).
Figure 1 Susceptibility of CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice to infection with JEV. Groups of 8-week-old mice were infected i.v. with 103 PFU of JEV. Morbidity and mortality were recorded daily, and surviving mice were monitored for 28 days. The data shown were constructed from two independent experiments. The significance of differences in mortality between wild-type (n = 28) and knockout mice (n = 42) was determined by using the log-rank test (**, P<0.01).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 JEV burden in serum and tissue samples. JEV burden in (A) serum, (B) spleen, (C) brain and (D) spinal cord of CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice after i.v. infection with 103 PFU of JEV. At the indicated time points, animals were sacrificed and the viral RNA content of serum and spleen samples were measured by real-time RT-PCR, while viral content in brain and spinal cord samples were measured by plaque titration. Data shown were constructed from 2 independent experiments. Each symbol represents an individual mouse, and geometric mean titers are indicated by horizontal lines. The lower limit of virus detection is indicated by the horizontal dotted line. Asterisks denote significant differences (**, P<0.01).
Figure 2 JEV burden in serum and tissue samples. JEV burden in (A) serum, (B) spleen, (C) brain and (D) spinal cord of CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice after i.v. infection with 103 PFU of JEV. At the indicated time points, animals were sacrificed and the viral RNA content of serum and spleen samples were measured by real-time RT-PCR, while viral content in brain and spinal cord samples were measured by plaque titration. Data shown were constructed from 2 independent experiments. Each symbol represents an individual mouse, and geometric mean titers are indicated by horizontal lines. The lower limit of virus detection is indicated by the horizontal dotted line. Asterisks denote significant differences (**, P<0.01).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Antibody responses in CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice. Eight-week-old CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice were infected i.v. with 103 PFU of JEV, and serum samples were collected at the indicated time points. Anti-JEV IgM (A) and IgG (B) isotype antibody titers were determined by ELISA. The data presented are reciprocal mean endpoint titers representative of 4 mice per time point with the SEM indicated by error bars. (C) Neutralizing antibody titers determined by plaque reduction neutralization assay. The data presented are mean PRNT50 titers representative of 5 mice per time point, and error bars indicate the SEM.
Figure 3 Antibody responses in CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice. Eight-week-old CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice were infected i.v. with 103 PFU of JEV, and serum samples were collected at the indicated time points. Anti-JEV IgM (A) and IgG (B) isotype antibody titers were determined by ELISA. The data presented are reciprocal mean endpoint titers representative of 4 mice per time point with the SEM indicated by error bars. (C) Neutralizing antibody titers determined by plaque reduction neutralization assay. The data presented are mean PRNT50 titers representative of 5 mice per time point, and error bars indicate the SEM.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 NK and CD8+ T cell responses in CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice infected with JEV. Eight-week-old CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice were infected i.v. with 103 PFU of JEV or left uninfected. (A) Spleens were collected at day 4 pi and tested for NK cell cytotoxicity in a standard 51Cr release assay using uninfected YAC-1 cells as targets. The percentage of NK cell lysis is plotted against an increasing e/t cell ratio. Means for 5 samples ± SEM are presented, and data are representative of 2 independent experiments. (B) NK cell cytotoxicity at indicated time points with an e/t cell ratio of 120∶1. Means for 5 samples ± the SEM are presented, and data are representative of 2 independent experiments. (C) Numbers of NK1.1+ stained splenocytes expressing IFN-γ were identified by flow cytometry at day 0 and 4 p.i. Means for 5 samples ± the SEM are presented, and data are representative of 2 independent experiments. (D) Splenocytes harvested at day 7 p.i. and stimulated ex vivo with live JEV, H-2Db-restricted JEV NS4B protein-derived peptides, H-2Db-restricted ECTV negative-control peptide or mock treated, and IFN-γ production in CD8+ T cells was measured by flow cytometry. Means for 3 samples ± the SEM are presented, and data are representative of 2 independent experiments. (E) Kinetics of JEV immune CD8+ T cell activation measured after ex vivo stimulation with Db-restricted JEV NS4B peptide, showing percentage of CD8+ T cells per spleen that express IFN-γ, TNF-α, or (F) both cytokines following stimulation. Asterisks denote significant differences (*, P<0.05).
Figure 4 NK and CD8+ T cell responses in CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice infected with JEV. Eight-week-old CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice were infected i.v. with 103 PFU of JEV or left uninfected. (A) Spleens were collected at day 4 pi and tested for NK cell cytotoxicity in a standard 51Cr release assay using uninfected YAC-1 cells as targets. The percentage of NK cell lysis is plotted against an increasing e/t cell ratio. Means for 5 samples ± SEM are presented, and data are representative of 2 independent experiments. (B) NK cell cytotoxicity at indicated time points with an e/t cell ratio of 120∶1. Means for 5 samples ± the SEM are presented, and data are representative of 2 independent experiments. (C) Numbers of NK1.1+ stained splenocytes expressing IFN-γ were identified by flow cytometry at day 0 and 4 p.i. Means for 5 samples ± the SEM are presented, and data are representative of 2 independent experiments. (D) Splenocytes harvested at day 7 p.i. and stimulated ex vivo with live JEV, H-2Db-restricted JEV NS4B protein-derived peptides, H-2Db-restricted ECTV negative-control peptide or mock treated, and IFN-γ production in CD8+ T cells was measured by flow cytometry. Means for 3 samples ± the SEM are presented, and data are representative of 2 independent experiments. (E) Kinetics of JEV immune CD8+ T cell activation measured after ex vivo stimulation with Db-restricted JEV NS4B peptide, showing percentage of CD8+ T cells per spleen that express IFN-γ, TNF-α, or (F) both cytokines following stimulation. Asterisks denote significant differences (*, P<0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Leukocyte trafficking into the CNS. Kinetics of cell infiltration into the brain of 8-week-old CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice infected i.v. with 103 PFU of JEV. Leukocytes were isolated at indicated time points from the brains of infected mice and stained for identification as (A) CD8+ T cell, (B) CD4+ T cell, (C) NK1.1+ cell and (D) F4/80+/CD45Hi infiltrating macrophages. (E) Leukocyte subpopulations were gated for CCR5 expression; histograms show CCR5 expression on brain-derived leukocyte subpopulations on day 10 pi (shaded histograms). Means are derived from 4–9 samples per time point, error bars denote the SEM, and data are representative of 2 independent experiments. Asterisks denote significant differences (*, P<0.05; **, P<0.01).
Figure 5 Leukocyte trafficking into the CNS. Kinetics of cell infiltration into the brain of 8-week-old CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice infected i.v. with 103 PFU of JEV. Leukocytes were isolated at indicated time points from the brains of infected mice and stained for identification as (A) CD8+ T cell, (B) CD4+ T cell, (C) NK1.1+ cell and (D) F4/80+/CD45Hi infiltrating macrophages. (E) Leukocyte subpopulations were gated for CCR5 expression; histograms show CCR5 expression on brain-derived leukocyte subpopulations on day 10 pi (shaded histograms). Means are derived from 4–9 samples per time point, error bars denote the SEM, and data are representative of 2 independent experiments. Asterisks denote significant differences (*, P<0.05; **, P<0.01).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Leukocyte numbers in spleen after JEV infection. Kinetics of cell expansion in spleens of 8-week-old CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice infected i.v. with 103 PFU of JEV. (A) Spleens were collected at indicated time points from infected mice and total splenocyte numbers were determined. Cells were then stained and identified as CD8+ T cell (B), CD4+ T cell (C), NK1.1+ cell (D) and F4/80+ macrophages (E). Means are derived from 4–8 samples per time point, error bars denote the SEM, and data are representative of 2 independent experiments. Asterisks denote significant differences (*, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001).
Figure 6 Leukocyte numbers in spleen after JEV infection. Kinetics of cell expansion in spleens of 8-week-old CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice infected i.v. with 103 PFU of JEV. (A) Spleens were collected at indicated time points from infected mice and total splenocyte numbers were determined. Cells were then stained and identified as CD8+ T cell (B), CD4+ T cell (C), NK1.1+ cell (D) and F4/80+ macrophages (E). Means are derived from 4–8 samples per time point, error bars denote the SEM, and data are representative of 2 independent experiments. Asterisks denote significant differences (*, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors
Larena, M., Regner, M., & Lobigs, M.
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2012-09-21
Volume
7
Issue
9
Pages
e44834
ISSN
1932-6203
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0044834
PMC
PMC3448613
Cited by
38
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)

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