The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Widespread Pyrethroid and DDT Resistance in the Major Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus in East Africa Is Driven by Metabolic Resistance Mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Establishing the extent, geographical distribution and mechanisms of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is a prerequisite for resistance management. Here, we report a widespread distribution of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector An. funestus across Uganda and western Kenya under the control of metabolic resistance mechanisms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Female An. funestus collected throughout Uganda and western Kenya exhibited a Plasmodium infection rate between 4.2 to 10.4%. Widespread resistance against both type I (permethrin) and II (deltamethrin) pyrethroids and DDT was observed across Uganda and western Kenya. All populations remain highly susceptible to carbamate, organophosphate and dieldrin insecticides. Knockdown resistance plays no role in the pyrethroid and DDT resistance as no kdr mutation associated with resistance was detected despite the presence of a F1021C replacement. Additionally, no signature of selection was observed on the sodium channel gene. Synergist assays and qRT-PCR indicated that metabolic resistance plays a major role notably through elevated expression of cytochrome P450s. DDT resistance mechanisms differ from West Africa as the L119F-GSTe2 mutation only explains a small proportion of the genetic variance to DDT resistance. CONCLUSION: The extensive distribution of pyrethroid and DDT resistance in East African An. funestus populations represents a challenge to the control of this vector. However, the observed carbamate and organophosphate susceptibility offers alternative solutions for resistance management.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Vector control relies on a handful of insecticides used for indoor residual spraying (IRS) and treatment of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and insecticide resistance has been widely detected in malaria vectors across the continent [5–8].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., & Gibson, T. J. (1994) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/22.22.4673 · Cited by 64,617
Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., & Kumar, S. (2011) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msr121 · Cited by 40,207
Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method
Schmittgen, T. D., & Livak, K. J. (2008) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.73 · Cited by 26,190
DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data
Librado, P., & Rozas, J. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp187 · Cited by 16,147
Weltgesundheitsorganisation (2005) · Cited by 3,799
Estimation of levels of gene flow from DNA sequence data.
Hudson, R. R., Slatkin, M., & Maddison, W. P. (1992) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/132.2.583 · Cited by 1,789
Snounou, G., Viriyakosol, S., Zhu, X. P., Jarra, W., Pinheiro, L., do Rosario, V. E., Thaithong, S., & Brown, K. N. (1993) · Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology · doi:10.1016/0166-6851(93)90077-b · Cited by 1,591
Ranson, H., N’Guessan, R., Lines, J., Moiroux, N., Nkuni, Z., & Corbel, V. (2011) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2010.08.004 · Cited by 1,142
Martinez‐Torres, D., Chandre, F., Williamson, M. S., Darriet, F., Bergé, J. B., Devonshire, A. L., Guillet, P., Pasteur, N., & Pauron, D. (1998) · Insect Molecular Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2583.1998.72062.x · Cited by 1,040
A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region).
Gillies, M. T., & Coetzee, M. (1987) · IHI Repository · Cited by 812
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ranson, H., & Lissenden, N. (2016) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2015.11.010 · Cited by 989
Churcher, T. S., Lissenden, N., Griffin, J. T., Worrall, E., & Ranson, H. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.16090 · Cited by 312
Insecticide Resistance and Management Strategies in Urban Ecosystems
Zhu, F., Lavine, L. C., O'Neal, S. D., Lavine, M., Foss, C. R., & Walsh, D. B. (2016) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects7010002 · Cited by 230
Mnzava, A. P., Knox, T. B., Temu, E. A., Trett, A., Fornadel, C. M., Hemingway, J., & Renshaw, M. (2015) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0693-4 · Cited by 215
Kaindoa, E. W., Matowo, N. S., Ngowo, H. S., Mkandawile, G., Mmbando, A. S., Finda, M., & Okumu, F. O. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177807 · Cited by 176
Metadata
- Authors
- Mulamba, C., Riveron, J. M., Ibrahim, S. S., Irving, H., Barnes, K. G., Mukwaya, L. G., Birungi, J., & Wondji, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Uganda Virus Research Institute (UG)
- Corresponding author
- Wondji, Charles S.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-10-15
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e110058
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4198208
- OpenAlex
- W2110918782
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 13.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (092794/Z/10/Z, 092794, 083515/Z/07/Z, 083515, 101893, 101893/Z/13/Z)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Keywords
- Anopheles funestus, insecticide resistance, pyrethroid resistance, DDT resistance, metabolic resistance, malaria vectors, cytochrome P450, knockdown resistance, kdr mutation, GSTe2, resistance management, East Africa
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Eastern, Animals, Anopheles, DDT, Female, Insect Vectors, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticides, Malaria, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Pyrethrins, Sodium Channels
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
