CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 176Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesAutomotive and Human Injury Biomechanics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 94 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 3 are not checked yet.

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Contact Sports: A Systematic Review of All Reported Pathological Cases

Open access
Maroon, Joseph C., Winkelman, Robert, Bost, Jeffrey, Amos, Austin, Mathyssek, Christina, Miele, Vincent·2015·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0117338PMC PMC4324991
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with head trauma. Although initially believed to affect only boxers, the at-risk population has expanded to encompass a much wider demographic, including American football players, hockey players, wrestlers, and military veterans. This expansion has garnered considerable media attention and public concern for the potential neurodegenerative effects of head trauma. The main aim of this systematic review is to give a complete overview of the common findings and risk factors for CTE as well as the status quo regarding the incidence and prevalence of CTE. This systematic review was performed using PubMed and MEDLINE and includes all neuropathologically confirmed cases of CTE in the medical literature to date, from the first published case in 1954 to August 1, 2013 (n = 153). The demographics, including the primary source of mTBI (mild Traumatic Brain Injury), age and cause of death, ApoE genotype, and history of substance abuse, when listed, were obtained from each case report. The demographics of American football players found to have CTE are also presented separately in order to highlight the most prevalent group of CTE cases reported in recent years. These 153 case reports of CTE represent the largest collection to date. We found that a history of mTBI was the only risk factor consistently associated with CTE. In addition, we found no relationships between CTE and age of death or abnormal ApoE allele. Suicide and the presence of premorbid dementia was not strongly associated with CTE. We conclude that the incidence of CTE remains unknown due to the lack of large, longitudinal studies. Furthermore, the neuropathological and clinical findings related to CTE overlap with many common neurodegenerative diseases. Our review reveals significant limitations of the current CTE case reporting and questions the widespread existence of CTE in contact sports.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0117338

Cites

91 of 94 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Fig 1 Prisma flowchart illustrating the number of included and excluded studies in the systematic review on Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Contact Sports.
Fig 1 Prisma flowchart illustrating the number of included and excluded studies in the systematic review on Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Contact Sports.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 94 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. W Brandenburg, 1954, Dementia pugilistica with anatomical findings [German], Virchows Arch, 325, 680

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Maroon, J. C., Winkelman, R., Bost, J., Amos, A., Mathyssek, C., & Miele, V.
Affiliations
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
Bost, Jeffrey
ORCID
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2015-02-11
Volume
10
Issue
2
Pages
e0117338
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0117338
PMC
PMC4324991
OpenAlex
W2143952936
Cited by
175
References
94
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 16
FWCI
3.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
correction (2015-06-03)
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Mylan
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
Keywords
chronic traumatic encephalopathy, contact sports, mild traumatic brain injury, neuropathology, risk factors, APOE genotype, substance abuse, suicide, American football players, military veterans, incidence and prevalence, neurodegenerative diseases
MeSH terms
Brain Injuries, Chronic Disease, Humans, Sports

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review