Cited by 258Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsThyroid and Parathyroid SurgeryDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

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Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Han, Cheng, He, Xue, Xia, Xinghai, Li, Yongze, Shi, Xiaoguang, Shan, Zhongyan, Teng, Weiping·2015·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0135233PMC PMC4535849

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Abundant evidence suggests an association between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but small sample sizes and inconclusive data in the literature complicate this assertion. OBJECTIVE: We measured the prevalence of SCH in T2DM population, and investigated whether T2DM increase the risk of SCH and whether SCH was associated with diabetic complications. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Wan Fang, CNKI and VIP databases for literature search. We obtained studies published between January 1, 1980 to December 1, 2014. The studies were selected to evaluate the prevalence of SCH in T2DM subjects, compare the prevalence of SCH in T2DM subjects with those non-diabetics, and investigate whether diabetic complications were more prevalent in SCH than those who were euthyroid. Fixed and random effects meta-analysis models were used, and the outcome was presented as a pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) or a summary odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI. RESULTS: Through literature search, 36 articles met the inclusion criteria and these articles contained a total of 61 studies. Funnel plots and Egger's tests showed no publication bias in our studies, except for the pooled prevalence of SCH in T2DM (P = 0.08) and OR for SCH in T2DM (P = 0.04). Trim and fill method was used to correct the results and five potential missing data were replaced respectively. The adjusted pooled prevalence of SCH in T2DM patients was 10.2%, meanwhile, T2DM was associated with a 1.93-fold increase in risk of SCH (95% CI: 1.66, 2.24). Furthermore, SCH might affect the development of diabetic complications with an overall OR of 1.74 (95% CI: 1.34, 2.28) for diabetic nephropathy, 1.42 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.67) for diabetic retinopathy, 1.85 (95% CI: 1.35, 2.54) for peripheral arterial disease, and 1.87 (95% CI: 1.06, 3.28) for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: T2DM patients are more likely to have SCH when compared with healthy population and SCH may be associated with increased diabetic complications. It is necessary to screen thyroid function in patients with T2DM, and appropriate individualized treatments in addition to thyroid function test should be given to T2DM patients with SCH as well.

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Influential
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“A meta-analysis found no increase in the risk of incident diabetes in people with SCH [76], although others found that the presence of diabetes significantly predicted the presence of comorbid SCH [77] and TSH above its reference range predicted a 26% increase in the risk of diabetes [78].”
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Razvi, S. (2026) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01226-5 · Cited by 8
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“Conversely, blood glucose levels may also affect thyroid dysfunction.(8) Changes in thyroid hormones are known to affect blood glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels.”
Background
Low glomerular filtration rate values are associated with higher TSH in an elderly population at high cardiovascular disease risk
Brenta, G., Nepote, A., Barreto, A., Musso, C., Faingold, C., Fossati, P., Antonelli, A., Fallahi, P., Famà, F., & Meroño, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1162626 · Cited by 7
Exploring the bidirectional association between thyrotropin and thyroid hormones in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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“A previous review study conducted on the Chinese population similarly indicated a higher prevalence of hypothyroidism among patients with T2DM compared to the general population[25].”
Serum Antithyroglobulin Antibody Levels Are Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy among Euthyroid Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Hospital-Based, Retrospective Study
Gao, X., Wang, X., Zhong, Y., Liu, L., Teng, W., & Shan, Z. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2022/2552186 · Cited by 7
“Based on the same meta-analysis, the prevalence risks of diabetic nephropathy (DN), diabetic retinopathy (DR), peripheral arterial disease, and neuropathy were also positively associated with SCH [12].”
BackgroundInfluential
Hypothyroidism and related diseases: a methodological quality assessment of meta-analysis
Tian, L., Shao, F., Qin, Y., Guo, Q., & Gao, C. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024111 · Cited by 8
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“PCOS and thyroid diseases are both common endocrine diseases, and even though they are completely different diseases, they share quantities of clinical features, including irregular menstruation, infertility, obesity, and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism [3, 18–20].”
Background
Trace elements and risk of diabetes-related vascular complications: results from the EPIC-Potsdam cohort study
Eroglu, B., Eichelmann, F., Kuxhausf, O., Kipp, A. P., Schwerdtle, T., Haase, H., Schomburg, L., & Schulze, M. B. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02861-y · Cited by 7
“A meta-analysis found positive associations between SCH and the risk of developing diabetes, diabetic nephropathy and neuropathy, but not coronary heart disease [38].”
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“Among laboratory tests, we also performed Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) screening to detect patients with latent hypothyroidism—the common condition in patients with T2D, which can contribute to metabolic disorders [41].”
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Background
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Background
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“Han et al. (13) reported that T2DM patients are more likely to have SCH than the non-T2DM population, and SCH may be associated with increased diabetic complications and T2DM progression than the non-SCH population.”
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Zheng, M., Wang, D., Chen, L., Chen, M., Wang, W., & Ye, S. (2019) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.13415 · Cited by 5
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“16 The directionality of this association remains unclear from the published literature, suggesting a putative role in both directions.”
Background
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Background
Thyroid dysfunction in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus
Alrubaye, H. F. (2019) · Mustansiriya Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/mj.mj_4_18 · Cited by 5
“Similar tendency had been observed in several other studies.[8,10,12-16]”
BackgroundResult
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Çatma, Y., Edizer, A., Bayramlar, O. F., Gül, N., Selçukbiricik, Ö. S., Karşıdağ, K., & Üzüm, A. K. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61081427 · Cited by 4
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Influential
Wechselseitige Beziehung zwischen Schilddrüsenerkrankungen und Diabetes
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Background
Machine Learning Approach with Harmonized Multinational Datasets for Enhanced Prediction of Hypothyroidism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
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“This, in turn, could help reduce overall healthcare costs with early intervention, as T2D and HT comorbidity increase the risk of debilitating, expensive, and often irreversible diabetic complications [15,18,20,22].”
BackgroundInfluential
Subclinical hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes mellitus: An update
Sk, S., Singh, R., Bedi, S., Pandey, A. K., Tiwari, A., & Kumar, P. (2024) · Thyroid Research and Practice · doi:10.4103/trp.trp_33_24 · Cited by 4
Association between thyroid function and type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the NHANES and Mendelian randomization study
Su, C., Chen, Q., Dong, B., & Chu, M. (2025) · HORMONES · doi:10.1007/s42000-025-00691-x · Cited by 4
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Saadeh, N. A., Saadeh, R., Rousan, L. A., Rawashdeh, D., Obeidat, A., & Saadeh, A. (2020) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s252114 · Cited by 4
“24).(28) On the contrary, recommendations of the Polish Society of endocrinology and Polish diabetes association for the management of thyroid dysfunction in type 1 and type 2 diabetes stated that autoimmune diabetes, but not type 2 diabetes, was strongly and gender neutrally associated with an increased prevalence of…”
Background
Genetically Determined Higher TSH Is Associated With a Lower Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Individuals With Low BMI
Bos, M. M., van Vliet, N. A., Mooijaart, S. P., Noordam, R., & van Heemst, D. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab277 · Cited by 5
“Thyroid diseases, characterized by circulating TSH and/or fT4 outside the reference range, frequently coincide with DM (5, 6).”
Background
The association of diabetes, subclinical hypothyroidism and carotid intima-media thickness: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brazil)
Spilack, A. D. M., Goulart, A. C., de Almeida-Pititto, B., Janovsky, C. C. P. S., Lotufo, P. A., Santos, I. S., & Benseñor, I. M. (2023) · Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100154 · Cited by 4
“In addition, some studies showed that complications of diabetes such as Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), chronic kidney disease, peripheral arterial disease and diabetic retinopathy are more frequent in patients with both type 2 diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism.(6,10,11) Moreover, diabetes(12) and subclinical hypo…”
Background
Exploring the associations of the triglyceride‒glucose index with thyroid function in subclinical hypothyroid patients: a cross-sectional study
Inayat, F., Shams, S., Ullah, N., Shah, A. W. A., & Haq, I. U. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02740-1 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, BMI, body composition, and obesity are closely intertwined with thyroid function, reinforcing the role of SCH as a contributor to metabolic syndrome [37, 38].”
Relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism and distal-symmetric diabetic polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus referred to Kosar Hospital in Semnan and related indicators in 2019–2020
Reshdat, S., Mehri, M., Pourkalhor, S., Najmaldin, A., & Foroutan, M. (2022) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1262_21 · Cited by 3
“Han et al.[34] in a meta‐analysis study showed that there is an association between subclinical hypothyroidism and diabetic neuropathy.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Association Between Subclinical Hypothyroidism and the Prognosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Subsequent Complications: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Alharbi, M., Alsaleem, H. N., Almuhaisni, R., Alzeadi, H. S., Alsamani, R. I., Alhammad, S., & Alharbi, A. M. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.48329 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of thyroid status in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Reference to insulin Resistance
Vasudevan, E., Mahadevan, Y., Shanthi, B., Anton, M. C., Jyothirmayi, B., & Sridevi, C. (2024) · Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.13005/bpj/3049 · Cited by 4
Evaluation of Thyroid Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Its Association With Diabetic Complications: A Cross-Sectional Study
Patel, P. R., Maitra, A., Ashok, A., Jose, J., Ragav, Y., & Paul, N. N. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.78871 · Cited by 3
“A systematic review and meta-analysis by Han et al. identified subclinical hypothyroidism as a significant risk factor for PAD in T2DM patients (OR = 1.85) [23].”
Influential
Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Thyroid Disorders: An Adipocytokines Prospective
Mishra, M. (2018) · Journal of Endocrinology and Thyroid Research · doi:10.19080/jetr.2018.03.555612 · Cited by 3
Effect of Subclinical Hypothyroidism on the Association between Hemoglobin A1c and Reduced Renal Function: A Prospective Study
Shimizu, Y., Kawashiri, S., Noguchi, Y., Nakamichi, S., Nagata, Y., Maeda, T., & Hayashida, N. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12020462 · Cited by 4
“However, a high prevalence of diabetes among SCH [18] could not explain the significant association between HbA1c and annual ∆eGFR in participants with SCH.”
Background
Associations of Nutritional, Environmental, and Metabolic Biomarkers with Diabetes-Related Mortality in U.S. Adults: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between 1988–1994 and 2016
Zhang, X., Ardeshir‐Rouhani‐Fard, S., Li, J., Li, M., Dai, H., & Song, Y. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14132629 · Cited by 3
“93 times increased risk of subclinical hypothyroidism compared to normal controls [40].”
Background
The Impact of Hypothyroidism on Cardiovascular-Related Healthcare Utilization in the US Population With Diabetes
Ramírez, M., Bianco, A. C., & Ettleson, M. D. (2024) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvae204 · Cited by 3
“…which potentially contributes to the escalation of insulin resistance-associated disorders, including CVD. HT has also been associated with an elevated risk of microvascular complications, such as diabetic nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, and retinopathy among individuals with DM [26-29].”
Prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary care hospital in a rural area of Bihar, India
Kamendu, A., & Aslami, A. N. (2018) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20184437 · Cited by 3
“A meta-analysis showed that type 2DM (T2DM) patients are more likely to have hypothyroidism when compared with healthy population and hypothyroidism may be associated with increased diabetic complications.(2) The prevalence and its associated factors of hypothyroidism is not much studied in India.”
Background
Abordaje del hipotiroidismo subclínico en el adulto
Castillo, A. Á., Alfaro, J. M. R., & Boza, A. S. (2020) · Revista Medica Sinergia · doi:10.31434/rms.v5i2.358 · Cited by 5
Вплив автоімунного тиреоїдиту на органи й системи організму (огляд літератури)
SHIDLOVSKYI, V. O., Shidlovskyi, O. V., & Кравців, В. В. (2021) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) · doi:10.22141/2224-0721.17.2.2021.230569 · Cited by 3
Correlation between serum free triiodothyronine levels and risk stratification in Chinese patients with acute coronary syndrome receiving percutaneous coronary intervention
Li, H., Li, C., Bai, Y., Wang, Z., Li, M., Cai, Y., Zhou, W., Zhang, B., & Liu, H. (2020) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060520957180 · Cited by 3
“Studies have shown that FT3 levels affect the left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with acute myocardial infarction,(26) and subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with more severe complications of type 2 diabetes.(27) Risk factors, such as increased carotid intima thickness, a hypercoagulation state, and…”
Background
Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting postoperative hypocalcemia in patients undergoing surgery for differentiated thyroid cancer
Zhou, L., Tu, Y., Qin, S., Zhang, Q., Ba, H., & Wang, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1628453 · Cited by 2
Study of Subclinical Thyroid Disorders in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Javeedh, S., & Vidya, T. A. (2021) · Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare · doi:10.18410/jebmh/2021/20 · Cited by 2
Neurologic Complications of Endocrine Disorders
Reda, H. M. (2023) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001262 · Cited by 2
Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India: A Cross-sectional Study
Sawardekar, V. M., Gore, A. B., Jadhav, B., Sawardekar, V., Singh, B. B., & Wankhade, B. S. (2024) · National Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.7860/njlm/2024/66610.2844 · Cited by 2
The determinants of leptin, angiopoietin like 8, and thyroid hormones levels in Saudi females with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study
Binjawhar, D. N., & Mohammedsaeed, W. M. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000039339 · Cited by 2
Substitution of an Ethyl Group with a Methyl Group in the Variable Moiety of TPY3m, a Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Agonist, Modifies the Effect of This Analogue on the Basal and Thyroliberin-Stimulated Levels of Thyroid Hormones in Rats
Derkach, K. V., Didenko, E. A., Sorokoumov, V. N., & Shpakov, A. O. (2025) · Cell and Tissue Biology · doi:10.1134/s1990519x24600716 · Cited by 2
The Predictive Value of Melatonin Levels for the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy in Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Al-temimi, R. B., Ibrahim, N. N., Nazar, L. A., Hasan, H. A., Al‐Musawi, M. H., & Moghadam, F. M. (2024) · Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.61186/rbmb.13.3.341 · Cited by 2
Study of the Basal Metabolic Rate in Thyroid Dysfunctions and Diabetes
Vitale, L., Massarini, S., & Ferrulli, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01700-0_5 · Cited by 2
Relation Between URIC Acid Levels and Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Diabetic Patients
Shabana, H., Allam, M. A., Nassar, Y., Awad, A., Naguib, M. M., Elgendy, A.-E. A.-E., & Elmahdi, E. (2021) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530321666211018120419 · Cited by 2
Епідеміологічний аналіз поширеності гіпотиреозу в Харківській області
Podavalenko, A., Гончарова, О. А., & Pashchenko, L. S. (2019) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) · doi:10.22141/2224-0721.15.1.2019.158690 · Cited by 2
Study on Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes
Chander, S., Venkatesan, K. D., & Paul, C. (2020) · Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare · doi:10.18410/jebmh/2020/640 · Cited by 2
Burden of hypothyroidism amongst type 2 diabetics and hypertensives in Lucknow: A cross sectional study
Kashyap, S., Khan, M. S., Khan, A. A., Idris, M. Z., Ahmad, A., & Verma, S. (2020) · Indian Journal of Community Health · doi:10.47203/ijch.2020.v32i04.006 · Cited by 2
Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Vaidya, B., & Daumerie, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0070 · Cited by 2
Thyroid and Cardiovascular Risk
den Elzen, W. P. J., Mooijaart, S. P., Ballieux, B. E. P. B., Cappola, A. R., & Gussekloo, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36871-5_16 · Cited by 2
Association between Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome with Thyroid Status in Normal and Overweight/Obese Population: A Review
Hewage, N., Wijesekara, U., & Perera, R. (2022) · Journal of Biosciences and Medicines · doi:10.4236/jbm.2022.104020 · Cited by 2
“[35] 2013 Anhui, China 45 ± 10 22 164 13.”
Estudio de prevalencia de retinopatía diabética en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 de la comuna de Puerto Montt y sus factores asociados
Quintana-Muñoz, C., Márquez, J. P., Kappes, M. S., Silva, M. T., & Navarro, J. (2023) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872023000100007 · Cited by 2
ЦУКРОВИЙ ДІАБЕТ 2 ТИПУ ТА ЗАХВОРЮВАННЯ ЩИТОПОДІБНОЇ ЗАЛОЗИ: ПОШУК СПІЛЬНИХ МЕХАНІЗМІВ
Musiienko, V., & Марущак, М. І. (2020) · Bulletin Of Medical And Biological Research · doi:10.11603/bmbr.2706-6290.2020.1.11006 · Cited by 2
PREVALENCE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Basera, H., & Pant, D. K. C. (2019) · International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies · doi:10.32553/ijmbs.v3i9.517 · Cited by 1
Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease
Lourenço, I., Correia-Chaves, J., Leite, A. R., Borges‐Canha, M., von Hafe, M., Vale, C., Leite-Moreira, A. F., & Neves, J. S. (2023) · Revista Portuguesa de Endocrinologia Diabetes e Metabolismo · doi:10.26497/ar230029 · Cited by 1
“42,47 Although hyperthyroidism enhances glucose transporter type 4 ( GLUT4 ) gene expression and glucose uptake in skeletal muscles, its potentiation of glucose absorption on the gastrointestinal tract, along with the enhancement of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis poses a great risk for…”
Prevalence and Association of Thyroid Dysfunction With Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Study
Vignesh Babu, K., Cm, P., Velu, V. K., & Ss, Y. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.79855 · Cited by 1
Поєднана ендокринна патологія в умовах хронічного стресу війни
Bobryk, M. I., & Komisarenko, I. (2025) · Endokrynologia · doi:10.31793/1680-1466.2025.30-1.33 · Cited by 1
Association between subclinical hypothyroidism and skipping breakfast in relation to status of thyroid cysts among middle-aged to elderly Japanese
Shimizu, Y., Sasaki, N., Noguchi, Y., Matsuu‐Matsuyama, M., Kawashiri, S., Yamanashi, H., Nakamichi, S., Nagata, Y., Maeda, T., & Hayashida, N. (2025) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2025.2514589 · Cited by 1
“Since diabetes, atherosclerosis, and hypertension are known to be associated with both thyroid cysts (Shimizu et al. 2021a, 2021b) and SCH (Papi et al. 2007; Valentina et al. 2011; Han et al. 2015), these factors could act as confounders in the present analyses.”
Effect of Four-Week Semaglutide Therapy and Its Combination with Intranasal Insulin on Thyroid and Gonadal Status in Male Rats with Type 2 Diabetes
Derkach, K. V., Zorina, I. I., Fedorchuk, I. V., & Shpakov, A. O. (2025) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s002209302503007x · Cited by 1
“Since thyroid disorders (e.g., autoimmune hypothyroidism) [11, 12] and reproductive dysfunc(cid:2) tions (androgen deficiency in men, polycystic ovary syndrome in women) [13, 14] are among the most common complications of T2D and abdominal obe(cid:2) sity, studying the effects of Semaglutide and…”
Hidden impact: How subclinical hypothyroidism influences renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Garg, R., & Thakre, A. (2025) · Medicine India · doi:10.25259/medindia_18_2025 · Cited by 1
Potentiation of the restorative effect of semaglutide on metabolic and hormonal parameters in rats with diet-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus with intranasally administered insulin
Derkach, K. V., Basova, N. E., & Shpakov, A. O. (2025) · Сибирский научный медицинский журнал · doi:10.18699/ssmj20250517 · Cited by 1
The clinical implications of the interaction between hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus
Elhussein, A. B., Dawod, O. Y., Abu, I. I. M., Babikr, W., Alsayegh, A. A., Otayf, A. Y., Bajahzer, M., Mondal, M. M., Alageb, N. A., Almaki, M. M., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-24465-y · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, a study conducted by Han et al. 11 revealed that subclinical hypothyroidism is considerably more common in people with T2DM, with prevalence rates ranging from 10% to 20%.”
Diet’s rapid effects on the thyroid gland challenge unidirectional assumptions about hypothyroidism and energy balance
Hernández, A., & Celi, F. S. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci205029 · Cited by 1
“This possibility may partly explain the established clinical correlations between type 2 diabetes and hypothyroidism (17) and impaired T4 to T3 conversion in peripheral tissues (18).”
Imaging-defined subclinical atherosclerosis in subclinical hypothyroidism: Prevalence, associated factors, and preventive implications
Albulushi, A., Hasan, M. S., Alazawi, R. S., Sarmi, M. A., Al-Mandhari, H., AlShaharli, A., Hasan, A. S., Al-Helli, Y., Allo, A., Abdelazim, E., et al. (2026) · American Heart Journal Plus Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2026.100797 · Cited by 1
Which Patients with Diabetes Should Be Routinely Screened for Thyroid Diseases?
Spaulding, S. W. (2016) · Clinical Thyroidology · doi:10.1089/ct.2016;28.2-5 · Cited by 1
A review on association between diabetes and thyroid disease
Sharma, P., Shrestha, S., & Kumar, P. (2020) · Santosh University Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.18231/j.sujhs.2019.013 · Cited by 1
“2%.(14) The incidence of thyroid dysfunction is also high in pregnant females with high risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.”
Background
Effect of Exercise Training and Adropin Treatment on Thyroid and Testicular Function Changes in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Abulfadle, K. A., & Ahmed, N. A. (2019) · American Journal of Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.5099/aj190400209 · Cited by 1
Assessment of morphological and functional parameters of myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease and overt primary hypothyroidism
Muneer, A. R., Vijayaraghavan, G., Ankudinov, A. S., & Kalyagin, A. N. (2020) · Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.17802/2306-1278-2020-9-3-6-12 · Cited by 1
KAP of Metabolic Disorders in South Indian Population
Swami, P. A., Kumar, R., & Sitty, M. B. (2021) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care · doi:10.18311/ajprhc/2021/26382 · Cited by 1
Alterations of Thyroid Hormone Levels and the Risks of Diabetic Retinopathy in T2DM
Alnaji, H. A., Omran, R., & Hassan, A. H. (2023) · Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology · doi:10.52711/0974-360x.2023.00176 · Cited by 1
Association of Serum Gelsolin with Thyroid Dysfunction in Hypothyroidism Patients : A case-control study
(2023) · Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.13.019 · Cited by 1
The impact of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism association with coronary artery calcium: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)
Spilack, A. D. M., Goulart, A. C., Janovsky, C. C. P. S., de Almeida-Pititto, B., Lotufo, P. A., Bittencourt, M. S., Generoso, G., Santos, I. S., & Benseñor, I. M. (2024) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-4292-2022-0375 · Cited by 1
“Several authors have recognized the possible association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism (6,7).”
BackgroundInfluential
Genetically mimicked effects of thyroid dysfunction on diabetic retinopathy risk: a 2-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
Ouyang, J., Zhou, L., Wang, Q., & Yan, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1374254 · Cited by 1
“A subsequent meta-analysis reached a similar conclusion (26).”
Prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes and hypertension in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Sharma, B., Chaudhary, V., Kumari, S., & Pal, B. (2025) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100609 · Cited by 1
Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: a cross-sectional study
Xu, Y., Dong, B., Tang, Y., Jiang, Y., Huang, T., Jiang, F., Xing, W., Chen, J., & Zhu, F. (2025) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-025-01928-x · Cited by 1
“Several existing studies have demonstrated the potential mechanism of TSH in the occurrence and development of DR [24, 25, 26, 27, 28].”
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its association with controlled and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus in northern Andhra Pradesh population: a retrospective study
V., P. D. K., S., P. R. T., & Krishna Murthy, G. (2017) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173961 · Cited by 1
“It has been observed from earlier studies that T2DM patients with SCH and hypothyroidism are more likely to develop complications such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease and diabetic peripheral neuropathy.(19) In a systematic review and meta-analysis, it has been noticed that th…”
Result
Diabetes Secondary to Endocrine Disorders and PCOS
Moghetti, P. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27316-7_20-1 · Cited by 1
Thyroid Abnormalities in Relation to Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Quetta, Balochistan
Ali, M., Kakar, N. H., Dawood, R. A., Fatima, Q.-U.-A., Tanveer, Z., Malik, S. A., Asmat, T. M., Asadullah, A., Kiani, M. M. T., & Mustafa, M. Z. (2020) · Pakistan Journal of Zoology · doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20191012171020 · Cited by 1
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ КОМОРБІДНОГО ПЕРЕБІГУ ЦУКРОВОГО ДІАБЕТУ 2 ТИПУ ТА ГІПОТИРЕОЗУ: ЛАБОРАТОРНІ ДАНІ
Musiienko, V., & Марущак, М. І. (2021) · Medical and Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.11603/mcch.2410-681x.2021.i3.12448 · Cited by 1
Study of correlation of hypothyroidism with diabetic microvascular complications in type 2 diabetic adult Indian females
Chauhan, D. S., Js, K., Giri, R., & Gautam, S. K. (2023) · International Journal of Advances in Medicine · doi:10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20231876 · Cited by 1
Hypothyroidism Is Associated with Spurious Hemoglobin A 1c Elevations
Pearce, E. N. (2015) · Clinical Thyroidology · doi:10.1089/ct.2015;27.317-318

Authors: Han, C., He, X., Xia, X., Li, Y., Shi, X., Shan, Z., & Teng, W.
Affiliations: First Hospital of China Medical University (CN)
Corresponding author: Shi, Xiaoguang
ORCID: Han, Cheng
Xia, Xinghai
Li, Yongze
Shi, Xiaoguang
Shan, Zhongyan
Teng, Weiping
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2015-08-13
Volume: 10
Issue: 8
Pages: e0135233
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135233
PMC: PMC4535849
OpenAlex: W1766479548
Cited by: 258
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 2.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: China Medical University
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: subclinical hypothyroidism, type 2 diabetes, prevalence, diabetes complications, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, thyroid function
MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Nephropathies, Diabetic Neuropathies, Diabetic Retinopathy, Humans, Hypothyroidism, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Odds Ratio

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Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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