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Cited by 21Building Energy and Comfort OptimizationBuilding energy efficiency and sustainabilitySolar Energy Systems and Technologies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Multi-objective optimization of energy, view, daylight and thermal comfort for building’s fenestration and shading system in hot-humid climates

Open access
Wu, Zhenling, Xu, Yimin, Wang, Zhuoyao·2025·PLOS One
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0325290PMC PMC12176215
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Abstract

Well-designed building envelope components are essential in addressing global warming. Fenestration and shading system (F&SS) not only promote energy conservation and emission reduction but also enhance occupant satisfaction by improving indoor environments. However, existing research often prioritizes energy use, daylight, and thermal comfort while neglecting view quality, a factor closely tied to mental health and productivity. This study employs multi-objective optimization (MOO) to balance energy consumption, view quality, daylight, and thermal comfort in office buildings located in hot-humid climates. By optimizing variables such as window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and shading device dimensions, the research integrates random forest models with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis to quantify the influence of design parameters on optimization goals. Results indicate maximum improvements of 25.62% in energy use intensity (EUI), 23.18% in thermal comfort percentage (TCP), and 37.96% in useful daylight illuminance (UDI), highlighting the substantial potential of the proposed framework. This research refines the MOO framework for F&SS design, offering new insights into view quality considerations. Recommended values, such as a WWR of 0.6, provide practical guidance for architects in balancing energy efficiency and occupant comfort.

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Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0325290

Cites

63 of 63 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Figures

Fig 1 Optimization framework of office room.
Fig 1 Optimization framework of office room.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 2 Psychrometric chart of Sanya.
Fig 2 Psychrometric chart of Sanya.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 3 The case study room. (a) The exterior of the reference building; (b) The interior of the room; (c) The baseline model of the room.
Fig 3 The case study room. (a) The exterior of the reference building; (b) The interior of the room; (c) The baseline model of the room.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 4 Examples of SDA for HSD and VSD.
Fig 4 Examples of SDA for HSD and VSD.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 5 Trends of the mean values of targets.
Fig 5 Trends of the mean values of targets.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 6 The 2D projections of Pareto frontier solutions and dominated solutions.
Fig 6 The 2D projections of Pareto frontier solutions and dominated solutions.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 7 Summary of extreme solutions for all orientations – HSD.
Fig 7 Summary of extreme solutions for all orientations – HSD.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 8 Summary of extreme solutions for all orientations – VSD.
Fig 8 Summary of extreme solutions for all orientations – VSD.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 9 Knee solution for each model.
Fig 9 Knee solution for each model.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 10 SHAP dot summary plot.
Fig 10 SHAP dot summary plot.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 11 The UDI and sDA heat map for extreme solutions for east-facing room.
Fig 11 The UDI and sDA heat map for extreme solutions for east-facing room.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 12 SHAP Dependence Plot for WWR and SDA.
Fig 12 SHAP Dependence Plot for WWR and SDA.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 13 SHAP dependence plot for SDD, SDN and OWR.
Fig 13 SHAP dependence plot for SDD, SDN and OWR.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Show all 63 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD), 2021, General code for energy efficiency and renewable energy application in buildings.
  2. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD), 2016, Code for thermal design of civil building.
  3. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD), 2013, Standard for daylighting design of buildings.
  4. Roudsari MS, Pak M. Ladybug: A Parametric Environmental Plugin for Grasshopper to Help Designers Create an Environmentally-Conscious Design. In: Wurtz E, editor. Building Simulation 2013: 13th International Conference of the International Building Performance Simulation Association. Toronto: Int Building Performance Simulation Assoc-Ibpsa; 2013. pp. 3128–35.
  5. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD), 2015, Design standard for energy efficiency of public buildings

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Metadata

Authors
Wu, Z., Xu, Y., & Wang, Z.
Affiliations
  • Zhejiang University (CN)
  • Hangzhou City University (CN)
Corresponding author
Wang, Zhuoyao
ORCID
Wang, Zhuoyao
Venue
PLOS One
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2025-06-18
Volume
20
Issue
6
Pages
e0325290
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0325290
PMC
PMC12176215
OpenAlex
W4411408567
Cited by
13
References
63
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 3
FWCI
5.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China
  • Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LHZQN25D010004)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building energy efficiency and sustainability
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Solar Energy Systems and Technologies
Keywords
window-to-wall ratio, multi-objective optimization, thermal comfort, daylighting, view quality, energy consumption, hot and humid climate, office buildings, building envelope design, SHAP, random forest
MeSH terms
Climate, Facility Design and Construction, Hot Temperature, Humans, Humidity, Lighting

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