The DOI matches its Crossref record; 205 of the 208 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Antithrombotic Therapy for Venous Thromboembolic Disease
Abstract
This chapter about antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease is part of the seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy: Evidence Based Guidelines. Grade 1 recommendations are strong and indicate that the benefits do, or do not, outweigh risks, burden, and costs. Grade 2 suggests that individual patients' values may lead to different choices (for a full understanding of the grading see Guyatt et al, CHEST 2004; 126:179S-187S). Among the key recommendations in this chapter are the following: for patients with objectively confirmed deep vein thrombosis (DVT), we recommend short-term treatment with subcutaneous (SC) low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or, alternatively, IV unfractionated heparin (UFH) [both Grade 1A]. For patients with a high clinical suspicion of DVT, we recommend treatment with anticoagulants while awaiting the outcome of diagnostic tests (Grade 1C+). In acute DVT, we recommend initial treatment with LMWH or UFH for at least 5 days (Grade 1C), initiation of vitamin K antagonist (VKA) together with LMWH or UFH on the first treatment day, and discontinuation of heparin when the international normalized ratio (INR) is stable and > 2.0 (Grade 1A). For the duration and intensity of treatment for acute DVT of the leg, the recommendations include the following: for patients with a first episode of DVT secondary to a transient (reversible) risk factor, we recommend long-term treatment with a VKA for 3 months over treatment for shorter periods (Grade 1A). For patients with a first episode of idiopathic DVT, we recommend treatment with a VKA for at least 6 to 12 months (Grade 1A). We recommend that the dose of VKA be adjusted to maintain a target INR of 2.5 (INR range, 2.0 to 3.0) for all treatment durations (Grade 1A). We recommend against high-intensity VKA therapy (INR range, 3.1 to 4.0) [Grade 1A] and against low-intensity therapy (INR range, 1.5 to 1.9) compared to INR range of 2.0 to 3.0 (Grade 1A). For the prevention of the postthrombotic syndrome, we recommend the use of an elastic compression stocking (Grade 1A). For patients with objectively confirmed nonmassive PE, we recommend acute treatment with SC LMWH or, alternatively, IV UFH (both Grade 1A). For most patients with pulmonary embolism (PE), we recommend clinicians not use systemic thrombolytic therapy (Grade 1A). For the duration and intensity of treatment for PE, the recommendations are similar to those for DVT.
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“Oral anticoagulants are recommended after a first episode of VTE [28] to prevent recurrence [29][30][31][32].”
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“…associated hemodynamic instability or cardiogenic/obstructive shock aims at urgently relieving mechanical obstruction of the pulmonary circulation by either pharmacologic thrombolysis or by surgical or catheter thrombectomy (or mechanical clot disruption) (Buller et al 2004; Yoshida et al 2006).”
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“The American College of Chest Physicians and the European Society of Cardiology have recommended thrombolytic therapy in MPE, although this is based only on 2B grade of evidence.(13) In fact, more recent evidence has not been able to confirm a benefit with thrombolysis; a similar death rate was found in patients with…”
MethodLevine, R. L., McCollum, D. A., & Hursting, M. J. (2006) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.130.3.681 · Cited by 42
Naito, H., Hosomi, N., Nezu, T., Kuzume, D., Aoki, S., Morimoto, Y., Yoshida, T., Shiga, Y., Kinoshita, N., Ueno, H., et al. (2020) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.116984 · Cited by 41
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Solid cancer, antiphospholipid antibodies, and venous thromboembolism☆
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“Anticoagulant therapy was prescribed according to the current international recommendations during the study period [27,28] including clinical evidence from the CLOT study [29].”
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Moll, S. (2006) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-006-5570-0 · Cited by 40
“However, current recommendations for length of oral anticoagulation after a first thrombotic event are the same whether the patient has heterozygous factor V Leiden or not [3].”
BackgroundTherapy Insight: venous-catheter-related thrombosis in cancer patients
Agnelli, G., & Verso, M. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Oncology · doi:10.1038/ncponc0458 · Cited by 40
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Kenet, G., & Nowak‐Göttl, U. (2012) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology · doi:10.1016/j.beha.2012.07.001 · Cited by 40
“Whether long-term continuation of anticoagulant treatment should be considered after a first VTE in carriers of a thrombophilic trait is still a matter of debate [100,101].”
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Gayat, É., & Mebazaa, A. (2011) · Current Opinion in Critical Care · doi:10.1097/mcc.0b013e32834a7619 · Cited by 40
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Johnson, M. J., Sheard, L., Maraveyas, A., Noble, S., Prout, H., Watt, I. S., & Dowding, D. (2012) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/1472-6947-12-75 · Cited by 40
“Three randomised controlled trials have demonstrated low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) to be superior to warfarin in the management of cancer associated thrombosis (CAT) and LMWH is now recommended as the anticoagulant of choice in patients with malignant disease [9,11,12,14-18].”
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Orbell, J., Smith, A., Burnand, K. G., & Waltham, M. (2008) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.6077 · Cited by 39
Nagle, S. K., Schiebler, M. L., Repplinger, M. D., François, C. J., Vigen, K. K., Yarlagadda, R., Grist, T. M., & Reeder, S. B. (2015) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.12.018 · Cited by 39
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Kałaska, B., Sokołowska, E., Kamiński, K., Szczubiałka, K., Kramkowski, K., Mogielnicki, A., Nowakowska, M., & Buczko, W. (2012) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.04.037 · Cited by 37
“However, unfractionated heparin is still used in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation, deep-vein thrombosis, hemofiltration and cardiopulmonary bypass for heart surgery (Antman et al., 2004; Braunwald et al., 2002; Buller et al., 2004; Geerts et al., 2004).”
BackgroundGhanim, A. J., Daskalakis, C., Eschelman, D. J., & Kraft, W. K. (2007) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-007-0025-9 · Cited by 38
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BackgroundCerebral Venous and Sinus Thrombosis
Einhäupl, K. M., Bousser, M., de Bruijn, S. F. T. M., Ferro, J. M., Martinelli, I., Masuhr, F., & Stam, J. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9780470753279.ch37 · Cited by 38
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Muscal, E., & Brey, R. L. (2008) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-008-0012-y · Cited by 37
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BackgroundRetrievable vena cava filters: Key considerations
Imberti, D., & Prisco, D. (2007) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2007.06.017 · Cited by 36
Kooter, A. J., IJzerman, R. G., Otto Kamp, B., Boonstra, A., & Smulders, Y. M. (2010) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/1471-2466-10-18 · Cited by 36
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“Heparin and Venous Thromboembolism The large majority of patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) currently are treated with full doses of UFH or LMWH, followed by at least 3 months of oral anticoagulant therapy.(15) Selected patients with critical manifestations of pulmonary embolism (PE) are administered thromboly…”
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“LMWH as preferred treatment of cancer-associated VTE since 2004 [13].”
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Hoppe, H., Kaufman, J. A., Barton, R. E., Petersen, B. D., Lakin, P. C., DeLoughery, T. G., Irani, Z., Yavuz, K., & Keller, F. S. (2007) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.06-2897 · Cited by 33
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Is Deep Vein Thrombosis a Good Proxy for Pulmonary Embolus?
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“Patients on long-term anticoagulants have a greater likelihood for developing bleeding disorders [8,9], requiring blood transfusions [8,10], or developing periprosthetic infections[8], and it has been suggested that potent anticoagulant drugs are associated with higher all-cause mortality rates after total hip and tot…”
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Garcia, D. A., Khamashta, M. A., & Crowther, M. A. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2006-10-041814 · Cited by 33
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“4 IU/ml [26,27].”
Antiphospholipid antibiodies: a critical review of the literature
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Multidetector computed tomography for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism
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The predictive factors of recurrent deep vein thrombosis.
Farzamnia, H., Rabiei, K., Sadeghi, M., & Roghani, F. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 31
Retrievable vena cava filters: A clinical review
Tschoe, M., Kim, H. S., Brotman, D. J., & Streiff, M. B. (2009) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.1002/jhm.439 · Cited by 31
Conundrums in the Combined Use of Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Drugs
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Vena Cava Filters: Current Concepts and Controversies for the Surgeon
Martin, M. J., Blair, K. S. A., Curry, T. K., & Singh, N. N. (2010) · Current Problems in Surgery · doi:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2010.03.004 · Cited by 31
“5 mg/kg once a day.(69) Complications and concerns with LMWH nclude bleeding, hematoma at the administration site, HIT, decreased learance in renal failure, and the difficulty of full reversal of the nticoagulation effect.”
BackgroundInfluentialA descriptive evaluation of unfractionated heparin use during pregnancy
Clark, N. P., Delate, T., Witt, D. M., Parker, S., & McDuffie, R. S. (2008) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-008-0207-0 · Cited by 31
Ambulation and Compression After Deep Vein Thrombosis: Dispelling Myths
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Günter Tulip Filter Retrieval Experience: Predictors of Successful Retrieval
Turba, U. C., Arslan, B., Meuse, M. A., Sabri, S. S., Macik, B. G., Hagspiel, K. D., Matsumoto, A. H., & Angle, J. F. (2009) · CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00270-009-9684-6 · Cited by 31
“Therefore, more randomized prospective clinical studies are needed to evaluate filter retrieval with larger patient populations [ 6 , 7]. Looby et al. [8] reported 80% successful retrieval in 45 patients at a mean of 34 days Ota et al. [9] reported 91% successful retrieval in 66 patients at a mean of 10 days.”
BackgroundGoldenberg, N. A., Tripputi, M., Crowther, M. A., Abshire, T. C., DiMichele, D., Manco‐Johnson, M. J., & Hiatt, W. R. (2009) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2009.11.006 · Cited by 31
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Thrombophilia: Clinical and Laboratory Assessment and Management
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Helft, G., Gilard, M., Feuvre, C. L., & Zaman, A. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1038/ncpcardio0712 · Cited by 31
A cost analysis of the treatment of patients with post-thrombotic syndrome in Brazil
Ramacciotti, E., Gomes, M., de Aguiar, E. T., Caiafa, J. S., de Moura, L. K., de Araújo, G. R., Truzzi, A. C., & Dietrich-Neto, F. (2006) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2005.12.005 · Cited by 31
Prandoni, P., Tormene, D., Perlati, M., Brandolin, B., & Spiezia, L. (2008) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.17.5.773 · Cited by 31
“The conventional treatment group in the van Gogh PE study clearly performed exceptionally well, compared to the same arm in the van Gogh DVT study and also compared to historical controls [18] .”
ResultGains and losses of warfarin therapy as performed in an anticoagulation clinic
Njaastad, A. M., Abildgaard, U., & Lassen, J. F. (2006) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01605.x · Cited by 30
Ambulation after Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Systematic Review
Anderson, C. M., Overend, T. J., Godwin, J., Sealy, C., & Sunderji, A. (2009) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/physio.61.3.133 · Cited by 30
“This recommendation, graded as 1B in the 2004 guidelines, has been raised to a 1A recommendation in the most recent guidelines.(27,28) There have been two previous systematic reviews examining bed rest versus early mobilization.”
BackgroundMethodTremey, B., Székély, B., Schlumberger, S., François, D., Liu, N., Sievert, K., & Fischler, M. (2006) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/ael194 · Cited by 30
Warfarin initiation nomograms for venous thromboembolism
Lázaro, P. P. G., Ruiz, W., & Munarriz, C. A. L. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007699.pub3 · Cited by 30
Zhang, L., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Tian, H., Liang, J., & Liu, Z. (2017) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2017.5471 · Cited by 31
“The primary exclusion criteria were as follows: Scr ≥3 mg/dl; requirement for thrombolytic therapy or inferior vena cava strainer implantation; risk of cerebral ischemia; intracerebral bleeding or gastrointestinal bleeding within the previous 6 months; surgery within the previous 4 weeks; an active peptic ulcer; a kno…”
Inferior Vena Caval Filters: Key Considerations
Failla, P. J., Reed, K. D., Karam, G. H., & Summer, W. R. (2005) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-200508000-00005 · Cited by 30
Warfarin and the antiphospholipid syndrome: Does one size fit all?
Kasthuri, R. S., & Roubey, R. A. S. (2007) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.23111 · Cited by 30
Oral anticoagulation strategies after a first idiopathic venous thromboembolic event
Aujesky, D., Smith, K. J., & Roberts, M. S. (2005) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.018 · Cited by 29
Perioperative Management of Oral Anticoagulation
O'Donnell, M. J., & Kearon, C. (2008) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2007.12.012 · Cited by 29
Duration of Anticoagulation Therapy for Venous Thromboembolism
Bounameaux, H., & Perrier, A. (2008) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/asheducation-2008.1.252 · Cited by 31
Squizzato, A., Romualdi, E., & Ageno, W. (2006) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02030.x · Cited by 29
Resh, M., Mahmoodi, B. K., Navis, G. J., Veeger, N. J. G. M., & Lijfering, W. M. (2011) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2010.12.020 · Cited by 29
Gulseth, M. P., Sobieszczyk, P. S., Fanikos, J. R., & Seifert, R. D. (2008) · Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2008.14.s6-a.1 · Cited by 29
Venous thromboembolism in urologic surgery: prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment.
Rice, K. R., Brassell, S. A., & McLeod, D. G. (2010) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 29
Lupus Anticoagulant Assays: Questions Answered and to Be Answered
Teruya, J., West, A., & Suell, M. N. (2007) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/2007-131-885-laaqaa · Cited by 29
Outcomes for Inpatients with Normal Findings on Whole-leg Ultrasonography: A Prospective Study
Sevestre, M., Labarère, J., Casez, P., Bressollette, L., Haddouche, M., Pernod, G., Quéré, I., & Bosson, J. (2010) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.034 · Cited by 29
Escobar, C., Jiménez, D., Sánchez, D. M., Lobo, J. L., Díaz, G., Gallego, P., Vidal, R., Barrios, V., & Sueiro, A. (2008) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1157/13116651 · Cited by 29
Pulmonary Vasodilators—Treating the Right Ventricle
Granton, J. T., & Moric, J. (2008) · Anesthesiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2008.01.010 · Cited by 29
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin and Survival in Patients with Malignant Disease
Kakkar, A. K. (2005) · Cancer Control · doi:10.1177/1073274805012003s05 · Cited by 29
Santamaría, A., Juárez, S., Reche, A., Gómez-Outes, A., Martínez-González, J., Fontcuberta, J., & ON BEHALF OF THE ESFERA INVESTIGATORS (2006) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00947.x · Cited by 28
Emergence of new oral antithrombotics: a critical appraisal of their clinical potential
Laux, V. (2008) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s3266 · Cited by 28
“Anticoagulants are recommended for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with chronic conditions such as atrial fi brillation (AF) (Buller et al 2004; Geerts et al 2008), or in patients with mechanical heart valves.”
Castelli, R., Bergamaschini, L. C., Sailis, P., Pantaleo, G., & Porro, F. (2007) · Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis · doi:10.1177/1076029607308860 · Cited by 29
Wakefield, T. W., Caprini, J. A., & Comerota, A. J. (2008) · Current Problems in Surgery · doi:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2008.08.002 · Cited by 28
Debourdeau, P., Elalamy, I., Raignac, A. D., MERIA, P., Gornet, J. M., Amah, Y., Korte, W., Marty, M. E., & Farge, D. (2008) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-008-0491-4 · Cited by 28
“These data finally led the authors of the Italian (AIOM) [45], North American (ACPP and ASCO) [11, 44] and French (FNCLCC, www.”
BackgroundThrombolysis for Pulmonary Embolism in Patients With Right Ventricular Dysfunction
Thabut, G., & Logeart, D. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.19.2200 · Cited by 28
“Despite the lack of definitive evidence,(3) massive PE associated with cardiogenic shock, given the high mortality rate, is a widely accepted indication for thrombolysis.(4,5) At the other extreme, the risks of thrombolysis are not justified in patients with an anatomically small PE that causes no elevation in RV afte…”
BackgroundCritical Care of the Obstetric Patient
Shapiro, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/0885066606290390 · Cited by 28
Acute pulmonary embolism revisited
Konstantinides, S. (2008) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.071274 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Büller, H. R., Agnelli, G., Hull, R. D., Hyers, T. M., Prins, M. H., & Raskob, G. E.
- Venue
- Chest
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 401S-428S
- ISSN
- 0012-3692 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2134355273
- Cited by
- 1,249
- References
- 208
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 121.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CHEST Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Internal Medicine › Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
- Keywords
- venous thromboembolism, antithrombotic therapy, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, low molecular weight heparin, unfractionated heparin, vitamin K antagonists, anticoagulation duration, post-thrombotic syndrome, compression stockings, thrombolysis, thromboprophylaxis
- MeSH terms
- Fibrinolytic Agents, Heparin, Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight, Humans, Long-Term Care, Pulmonary Embolism, Vitamin K, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Evidence-Based Medicine, International Normalized Ratio, Venous Thrombosis, Secondary Prevention
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