CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 3Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsSport Psychology and PerformanceDiverse Music Education Insights

The role of developmental activities on self-determined motivation, passion and skill in youth soccer players.

Open access
Hendry, David Thomas·2012·University of British Columbia
DOI 10.14288/1.0073372
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Based upon postulates derived from the Developmental Model of Sports Participation (Côté et al., 2012) we tested the effects of domain specific activities (play and practice), as well as sporting diversity during the sampling years, on the development of motivation, passion and skill ratings. The first component of our study required testing predictions that play and diversity during the sampling years (age 5-12 yr) were positively correlated with intrinsic motivation and passion. We questioned elite youth level soccer players (N= 148), across 3 age groups, who were on the pathway towards achieving professional status at the adult level. Overall, we found no significant correlations between play and early sporting diversity during the sampling years with scores of motivation or passion. A small, yet significant positive correlation was observed between accumulated hours in soccer practice and integrated regulation. However, independent analysis of age groups yielded significant negative correlations between hours accumulated in soccer practice and measures of intrinsic motivation (Under 15 yr) and harmonious passion (Under 17 yr). The second study component investigated associations between time spent in soccer activities during the sampling years and across participants’ full careers as well as sporting diversity with coach ratings of skill. For the U17 group, hours accumulated in organized practice were related to creative and overall skill, while accumulated hours in soccer practice were related to technical skill for the U15 group. Moreover, for the U17 group, % accumulated hours in play negatively correlated with technical and overall skill ratings. The youngest group (U13) showed a different pattern of results to the older players, with more hours in play (% and total) related to creative skill. Due to these overall relationships, we conclude that recommendations towards early sporting diversity and more time in deliberate play activities (i.e., individually-led practice or play) should be treated with caution, because they do not inoculate against any hypothesized negative effects of early specialization in sport and are negatively related to predictors of skill (at least for the older players). Follow-up longitudinal analysis is recommended to determine how these practice and motivation variables are related to future success.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

DataCite · 10.14288/1.0073372

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Intrinsic motivation was measured using the validated subscales of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI).

    “The validated subscales of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory were used to assess the motivation.”

    From Real-time feedback enhances motor learning and motivation in youth team sports through augmented reality tools (2025) · cites this paper as Hendry, 2012

    Section 2.2.1.3 (Self-determined motivation; page unavailable) says motivation was measured with the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ), not the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory. It describes aggregating BRSQ items into behavioral-regulation subscales, including intrinsic motivation. (LLM, conf=0.94)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 60

  1. Alfermann, D., & Stambulova, N. (2007). Career transitions and career termination. In G. Tenen- baum & R.C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp.712-736). New York:
  2. Amiot, C., Vallerand, R. J., & Blanchard, C. M. (2006). Passion and psychological adjustment: A test of the person-environment fit hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 220-229.
  3. Baker, J., Côté, J., & Abernethy, B. (2003). Learning from the experts: Practice activities of expert decision makers in sport. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 342-347.
  4. Baker, J., & Horton, S. (2004). A review of primary and secondary influences on sport expertise. High ability studies, 15, 211-228
  5. Berry, J., Abernethy, B., & Côté, J. (2008). The contribution of structured activity and deliberate play to the development of expert perceptual and decision-making skill. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 685-708.
  6. Brewer, B.W., Van Raalte, J.L., & Linder, D.E. (1993). Athletic identity: Hercules' muscles or Achilles heel? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 237-254.
  7. Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2007). Play and practice in the development of sport expertise. In G. Tenenbaum, R.C. Eklund, (Eds), Handbook of sport psychology., (pp. 184-202)
  8. Côté, J., Lidor, R., Hackfort, D. (2009). ISSP position stand: To sample or to specialize? Seven postulates about youth sport activities that lead to continued participation and elite performance. International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 7, 7-17
  9. Côté, J, Murphy-Mills, J., & Abernethy, B. (2012) The development of skill in sport. In A.M. Williams, & N.J. Hodges, (Eds.), Skill acquisition in sport: 2 nd ed. (pp269-286). London: Routledge.
  10. Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
  11. Dent, C. W., Sussman, S. Y., & Stacy, A. W. (1997). The impact of a written parental consent policy on estimates from a school-based drug use survey. Evaluation Review, 21(6), 698-712.
  12. Ericsson, K.A., Krampe, R.T., Tesch-Römer, C . (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363-406
  13. Ford, P. R. & Williams, A. M. (2008). The effect of participation in gaelic football on the development of Irish professional soccer players. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 709-722
  14. Ford, P, Yates, I., & Williams (2010). An analysis of activities and instructional behaviours used by coaches during practice in English youth soccer: Exploring the link between theory and practice. Journal of Sport Sciences, 28, 483-495.
  15. Guadagnoli, M.A., & Lee, T.D. (2004). Challenge point: A framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice methods in motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 36. (2), 212- 224.
  16. Helsen, W.F., Starkes, J.L., Hodges, N.J. (1998). Team sports and the theory of deliberate practice. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 20, 12-34
  17. Hendry, D.T., & Hodges, N.J. (in press). Getting on the right track: Athlete centered practice for expert performance in sport. In T. McGarry, P. O'Donoghue, & J. Sampaio, (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of performance analysis. London: Routledge
  18. Hill-Haas, S., Coutts, A.J., Dawson, B.T, & Rowsell, G.J. (2009). Generic versus small-sided game training in soccer. International Journal Sports Medicine, 30, 636-642.
  19. Hodges, N. J. & Starkes, J. L. (1996). Wrestling with the nature of expertise: A sport specific test of Ericsson, Krampe and Tesch-Römer's (1993) theory of "deliberate practice". International Journal of Sport Psychology, 27, 400-424.
  20. Hodges, N.J., Kerr, T., Starkes, J.L. et al (2004). Predicting performance from deliberate practice hours for triathletes and swimmers: what, when and where is practice important? Journal of Experimental Psychology: 10:219-237.
  21. Hodges, N. J., Edwards, C., Luttin, S., & Bowcock (2011). "Learning from the experts: Gaining insights into best practice during the acquisition of three novel motor skills". Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(2), 178-87.
  22. Holt, N.L., & Dunn, J.G.H., (2004). Toward a grounded theory of the psychosocial competencies and environmental conditions associated with soccer success. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 199-219.
  23. Hoff, J., Helgerud, J. (2004). Endurance and strength training for soccer; physiological considerations. Sports Medicine, 34(3), 165-80
  24. Huijgen, B. C. H., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Post, W. J., & Visscher, C. (2009). Soccer skill development in professionals. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30, 585-591.
  25. Iaia, F. M., Rampinini, E., & Bangsbo, J. (2009). High-Intensity training in football. International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance, 4, 291-306.
  26. Impellizzeri, F., Marcora, S., Castagna, C., Reilly, T., Sassi, A., Iaia, F.M., Rampinini, E. (2006). Physiological and performance effects of generic versus specific aerobic training in soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27,483-492.
  27. Keetch, K. & Lee, T.D. (2007). The Effect of self-regulated and experimenter-imposed practice schedules on motor learning for tasks of varying difficulty. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 78, 476-486.
  28. Khan, M.A., & Franks, I.M. (2004). The utilization of visual feedback in the acquisition of motor skills. In A.M. Williams, & N.J. Hodges, (Eds.), Skill acquisition in sport: Research, theory and practice (pp. 121-144). New York: Routledge.
  29. Koslowsky, M., & Da Conceicao Betelho, M.F. (2010). Domains in the practice of football learning: comparative study among football athletes of junior category in Portugal and Brazil. Journal of Human Sport & Exercise, 5, 400-410
  30. Lafrenie`re, M-A., Jowett, S., Vallerand, R. J., Donahue, E. G., & Lorimer, R. (2008). Passion in sport: On the quality of the coach-player relationship. Journal of Sport &Exercise Psychology, 30, 541-560.
  31. Le Gall, F., Ford, P. R., Carling, C., & Williams, A. M. (2007). A cross-cultural comparison of the participation histories of English and French elite youth soccer players. In T. Reilly, F. Korksusz, & E. Ergen, (Eds.), Science and football VI, (pp. 109-112). London: Taylor & Francis.
  32. Leite, N., Baker, J., & Sampaio, J. (2009). Paths to expertise in Portuguese national team athletes. Journal of Sport Science & Medicine, 8, 580-566.
  33. Lester, S., & Russell, W. (2008) Play for a change: Play, policy and practice: A review of contemporary perspectives -Summary report. Play England. Retrieved from http://www.playengland.org.uk/resources/play-for-a-change-symmary.pdf
  34. Lewthwaite, R. & Wulf, G. (2012). Motivation and skill learning. In A.M. Williams &, N.J. Hodges, (Eds.), Skill Acquisition in Sport: Research, Theory and Practice (2 nd Ed.) (pp.173-191). London: Routledge.
  35. Lonsdale, C., & Hodge, K. (2011). Temporal ordering of motivational quality and athlete burnout in elite sport. Medicine and Science in Sport & Exercise. 45(3): 913-921.
  36. Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., Rose, E. A. (2008). The behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire: instrument development and initial validity evidence. Journal of Sport and exercise Psychology, 20, 323-355
  37. Mageau, G. A., Vallerand, R. J., Charest, J., Salvy, S., Lacaille, N., Bouffard, T., et al. (2009a). On the development of harmonious and obsessive passion: The role of autonomy support, activity valuation, and identity processes. Journal of Personality, 77, 601-645.
  38. Marcia, J. E. (1967). Ego identity status: Relationship to change in self-esteem, ''general maladjustment'', and authoritarianism. Journal of Personality, 35, 118-133.
  39. McMorris, T. (2004). Acquisition and performance of sports skills. Wiley Sport Text, West Sussex. England
  40. Memmert, D. (2007). Can creativity be improved by an attention-broadening training program? An exploratory study focusing on team sports. Creativity Research Journal, 19, (3), 281-291.
  41. Memmert, D., Baker, J., Bertsch, C. (2010). Play and practice in the development of sport- specific creativity in team ball sports. High Ability Studies, 21(1), 3.
  42. Memmert, D., & Roth, K. (2007). The effects of non-specific and specific concepts on tactical creativity in team ball sports. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, 1423-1432
  43. Meylan, C., Cronin, J., Oliver, J., & Hughes, M. (2010). Reviews: Talent identification in soccer: The role of maturity status on physical, physiological and technical characteristics. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 5, 571-592
  44. Ng, J.Y.Y., Lonsdale., C., & Hodge., K. (2011). The Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BNSSS): Instrument development and initial validity evidence. Psychology of Sport & Exercise. 12(3): 257-264.
  45. Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Tuson, K. M., & Blais, M. R., (1995).Towards a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 35-53.
  46. Rampinini, E., Impellizzeri, F. M., Castagna, C., Abt, G., Chamari, K., Sassi, A., and Marcora, S. M. (2007). Factors influencing physiological responses to small-sided soccer games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, 659-666.
  47. Ryan, R.M., & Connell, J.P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 57, 749-761.
  48. Schmidt, R.A., & Young, D.E. (1987). Transfer of movement control in motor learning. In S.M. Cormier, & J.D. Hagman (Eds.), Transfer of learning (pp. 47-79). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
  49. Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 531-543.
  50. Simonton, D. K. (2000). Creative development as acquired expertise: Theoretical issues and empirical test. Developmental Review, 20, 283-318.
  51. Soberlak, P., Côté, J. (2003).The developmental activities of professional ice hockey players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 41-49.
  52. Vallerand, R. J., Blanchard, C., Mageau, G.A., Koestner, R., Ratelle, C. F., & Le´onard, M., et al. (2003). Les passions de l'aˆ me: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 756-767.
  53. Vallerand, R. J., & Miquelon, P. (2007). Passion for sport in athletes. In D. Lavalle´e & S. Jowett (Eds.), Social Psychology in Sport, (pp. 249-262). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  54. Vallerand, R. J., Rousseau, F. L., Grouzet, F. M. E., Dumais, A., & Grenier, S. (2006). Passion in sport: A look at determinants and affective experiences. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 28, 454-478.
  55. Vallerand, R. J., Salvy, S. J., Mageau, G. A., Elliot, A. J., Denis, P., & Grouzet, F. M.E., et al. (2007). On the role of passion in performance. Journal of Personality, 75, 505-533.
  56. Ward, P., Hodges, N. J., Williams, A. M. et al. (2004). Deliberate practice and expert performance: defining the path to excellence. In: A.M. Williams & Hodges N.J. (Eds.), Skill acquisition in sport: research, theory and practice. (p 231-258).London: Routledge.
  57. Ward, P., & Williams, A. M. (2003). Perceptual and cognitive skill development in soccer: the multidimensional nature of expert performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23, 93- 111
  58. Williams, A. M., & Reilly, T. (2000). Talent identification and development in soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 657-667
  59. Williams, A. M., Ward, P., Ward, J. D. & Smeeton, N. J. (2008). Domain specificity, task specificity and expert performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 79, 428-433.
  60. Young, W. B. (2006). Transfer of strength and power training to sports performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance, 1, 74-83

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hendry, D. T.
Corresponding author
Hendry, David Thomas
ORCID
Hendry, David Thomas
Venue
University of British Columbia
Publisher
University of British Columbia
Published
2012
DOI
10.14288/1.0073372
OpenAlex
W2344775840
Cited by
3
References
0
Citations by year
2020: 2 · 2019: 1
Type
dissertation
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-nd
Locations
  • cIRcle (University of British Columbia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Open Collections
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Diverse Music Education Insights
Keywords
youth football, autonomous motivation, sport passion, skill development, early specialization, integrated regulation, intrinsic motivation, harmonious passion, technical skills, coach ratings, elite youth athletes

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review