Smoking is a significant determinant of low serum vitamin D in young and middle-aged healthy males
Open accessAbstract
Objective We aimed to determine the prevalence of 25(OH)D (D2 and D3 independently) inadequacy in healthy young/middle-aged men and to investigate its relationship with BMD, bone markers, demographic and lifestyle parameters such as age, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption and dietary calcium intake. Design We determined 25(OH)D levels using LC-MS/MS, a robust method for measurement of both 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D2, iPTH, osteocalcin, beta C terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen (b-CTXs), procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (PINP), BMD at L2-L4 and proximal femur, smoking habits, daily dietary calcium intake and alcohol consumption in 181 randomly selected healthy men aged 20-50y. Results The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml) was 50.3%. Only 8.8% of the participants had vitamin D sufficiency (25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/ml). We found a strong correlation between 25(OH)D and smoking in the totality of participants (p<0.001). 25(OH)D level was lower by approximately 4.3 ng/dl (p<0.001) in a smoker compared to a non-smoker among the totality of participants, while this value increased to 9.2 ng/ml in the 40-50y subgroup (p=0.003). A multinomial logistic regression model demonstrated that a young smoker (20-29y) had 58% increased likelihood of having vitamin D deficiency compared to a non-smoker of the same age group (p=0.041). Conclusions A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was identified in a young and middle-aged male population. Smoking is a significant determinant of serum 25(OH)D, while it increases significantly the likelihood of having vitamin D deficiency. In our hands, vitamin D levels are not a determinant of bone turnover and BMD in this population.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Low 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D) and 1, 25-OH2-D in smokers were reported in several studies.
“Low 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D) and 1, 25-OH2-D in smokers were reported in several studies [20–27]”
From The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Bone Mass: An Overview of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports lower 25(OH)D in smokers in this study and describes other studies with similar findings. It does not report lower 1,25(OH)2D in smokers, so the claim is supported only for 25(OH)D. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 48 · Cited by 79
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- seamans KM, Cashman KD, 2009 Existing and poten- tially novel functional markers of vitamin D status: a systematic review. am J Clin Nutr 89: 1997s-2008s.
- de la Hunty a, Wallace aM, Gibson s, Viljakainen H, Lamberg-allardt C, ashwell M, 2010 UK Food standards agency Workshop Consensus Report: the choice of method for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D to estimate vitamin D status for the UK National Diet and Nutrition survey. Br J Nutr 104: 612-619.
- Authors
- Kassi, E. N., Stavropoulos, S., Kokkoris, P., Galanos, A., Moutsatsou, P., Dimas, C., Papatheodorou, A., Zafeiris, C., & Lyritis, G.
- Affiliations
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Hellenic Air Force (GR)
- University General Hospital Attikon (GR)
- Venue
- Hormones
- Published
- 2015-04
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-250
- ISSN
- 1109-3099 (ISSN-L)
- 2520-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2061885542
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 4.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- HORMONES (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- vitamin D deficiency, smoking, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D2, vitamin D3, bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone, young and middle-aged men, alcohol consumption, calcium intake, lifestyle factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Calcifediol, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking, Vitamin D Deficiency, Bone Density, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2, Prevalence, Bone Remodeling, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
