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A Theoretical Framework for Back-Translation as a Quality Assessment Tool
Open accessAbstract
Back-translation is a validation tool widely used in international research settings, including, but not limited to, cross-cultural psychology, international marketing, educational assessments, quality of life research, and international nursing research.As a rule, researchers use back-translation to validate the quality of translated research instruments, such as tests and questionnaires.The method consists in re-translating the translated text back into the source language.The back-translation and the original document are compared for inconsistencies, and if none are found, the translation is considered equivalent.The method has many adherents and opponents; however, neither uses solid linguistic evidence in their arguments.This study is an attempt to suggest a theoretical linguistic framework for describing and evaluating the back-translation process, namely the cognitive linguistics approach, with the main focus on Langacker"s Cognitive Grammar.The study is illustrated with examples from actual questionnaires translated from English into Ukrainian.
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“Back translation was done with native Bahasa Malaysia speakers to assess the quality of translation done by the researcher (Tyupa, 2011).”
From Student, Teacher, and School Counselor Perceptions of National School Uniforms in Malaysia (2020) · cites this paper as Tyupa, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Back translation was done with native Bahasa Malaysia speakers to assess the quality of translation done by the researcher (Tyupa, 2011).”
From Student, Teacher, and School Counselor Perceptions of National School Uniforms in Malaysia (2020) · cites this paper as Tyupa, 2011
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Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Brislin, Richard W. (1970) "Back-translation for cross-cultural research", Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 1: 185-216.
- Douglas, Susan P. and C. Samuel Craig (2007) "Collaborative and Iterative Translation: An Alternative Approach to Back Translation", Journal of International Marketing, American Marketing Association, 15(1): 30-43.
- Evans, Vyvyan and Green, Melanie (2006) Cognitive Linguistics. An introduction. Edinburgh University Press.
- Halverson, Sandra (2003) "The cognitive basis of translation universals", Target 15(2): 197- 241.
- Langacker, Ronald W. (1987) Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
- Langacker, Ronald W. (2002) Concept, Image, and Symbol: the cognitive basis of grammar, Mouton De Gruyter.
- Langacker, Ronald W. (2008) Cognitive Grammar. A Basic Introduction, Oxford University Press.
- Maneesriwongul,W. and J.K. Dixon (2004) "Instrument translation process: a methods review", Journal of Advanced Nursing 48(2): 175-186.
- McKenna, S.P. and L.C. Doward (2005) "The Translation and Cultural Adaptation of Patient- Reported Outcome Measures", Value in Health, 8(2): 89-91.
- Tyupa, Sergiy (in progress) Back-translation: Theoretical Framework and Practical Implications. (Doctoral dissertation. Jagiellonian University, Kraków).
- Werner, L. & D. Campbell (1970) "Translating, working through interpreters and the problem of decentering", in R. Naroll and R. Cohen (eds) American Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, 398-420.
- Wild, D., A. Grove, M. Martin, S. Eremenco, S. McElroy, A. Verjee-Lorenz and P. Erikson (2005) "Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures: Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation", Value in Health, 8(2): 94-104.
Cited by
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Student, Teacher, and School Counselor Perceptions of National School Uniforms in Malaysia
Woo, J. M., Tam, C. L., Bonn, G. B., & Tagg, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01871 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Tyupa, S.
- Corresponding author
- Tyupa, Sergiy
- Venue
- IATIS and the Centre for Translation and Textual Studies (CTTS) at Dublin City University
- Publisher
- IATIS and the Centre for Translation and Textual Studies (CTTS) at Dublin City University
- Published
- 2011
- OpenAlex
- W6960809618
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- ruj.uj.edu.pl
- Locations
- Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) (submittedVersion)
- NRCT Data Center
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Translation Studies and Practices
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › linguistics and terminology studies
- Keywords
- back-translation, translation equivalence, cognitive linguistics, cognitive grammar, questionnaire validation, cross-cultural translation, English-Ukrainian translation
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