Acclimation during space flight: effects on human physiology
Open accessAbstract
See related review by Thirsk and colleagues, page [1324][1] Patients on earth with illness can be described as people who live in a normal earth environment but who have abnormal physiology. In contrast, astronauts are people with normal physiology who live in an abnormal environment. It is this
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An astronaut can lose anywhere between 1 and 2% of total muscle mass per month depending on the individual's physiology.
“An astronaut can lose anywhere between 1 and 2% of total muscle mass per month depending on the individuals’ physiology83.”
From Key points for the development of antioxidant cocktails to prevent cellular stress and damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during manned space missions (2021) · cites this paper as [83]
The Muscle atrophy section reports muscle-mass losses of up to 20% after two weeks and 30% on missions lasting three to six months, not 1%–2% per month. The paper assigns the 1%–2% monthly figure to bone-density loss in weight-bearing bones, with variation between individuals and bone sites. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAfter only 2 weeks of spaceflight, 20% of muscle mass decreases, while it can decrease up to 30% during longer missions of 3-6 months.
“It has been observed that, after only 2 weeks of spaceflight, 20% of muscle mass decreases, while it can decrease up to 30% during longer missions of 3–6 months83.”
From Key points for the development of antioxidant cocktails to prevent cellular stress and damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during manned space missions (2021) · cites this paper as [83]
The Muscle atrophy section reports muscle-mass loss of up to 20% after a two-week flight and a 30% loss on missions lasting 3–6 months (page not provided). The citing sentence presents the two-week loss as 20% without the source’s “up to” qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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References 53 · Cited by 378
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Buckey JC Jr. Muscle loss: approach to maintaining strength. In: Space physiology. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 77-100.
- Cann C. Response of the skeletal system to spaceflight. In: Churchill SE, editor. Fundamentals of space lifesciences. Vol. 1. Malabar (FL): Krieger publishing company; 1997. p. 83-103.
- Kulkarni A, Yamauchi K, Sundaresan A, et al. An evidence based countermeasure for space flight: nutritional nucleotide augmentation of immunity. Proceedings of the 56th International Astronautical Congress; 2005 Oct. 17-21; Fukuoka, Japan.
- Guell A. Countermeasures: extending manned spaceflight. Acta Astronaut 1995; 35:271-80.
- Buckey JC. Effect of spaceflight on the cardiovascular system. Space physiology. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 149-54.
- Authors
- Williams, D., Kuipers, A., Mukai, C., & Thirsk, R.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JP)
- Tokyo University of Science (JP)
- Canadian Space Agency (CA)
- Venue
- Canadian Medical Association Journal
- Publisher
- CMA Impact Inc.
- Published
- 2009-06-09
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1317-1323
- ISSN
- 0820-3946 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2329
- PMC
- PMC2696527
- OpenAlex
- W2114693826
- Cited by
- 378
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Medical Association Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Space Agency
- Canadian Space Agency
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › High Altitude and Hypoxia
- Keywords
- spaceflight, acclimation, astronaut physiology, physiological stress, space medicine
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Body Fluids, Humans, Immune System, Motion Sickness, Muscular Atrophy, Space Flight, Weightlessness, Bone Demineralization, Pathologic
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