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Effect of Activating Agent on the Preparation of Bamboo-Based High Surface Area Activated Carbon by Microwave Heating
Open accessAbstract
Abstract The present work attempts to convert bamboo into a high surface area activated carbon via microwave heating. Different chemical activating agents such as KOH, NaOH, K 2 CO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 were utilized to identify a most suitable activating agent. Among the activating agents tested KOH was found to generate carbon with the highest porosity and surface area. The effect of KOH/C ratio on the porous nature of the activated carbon has been assessed. An optimal KOH/C ratio of 4 was identified, beyond which the surface area as well as the pore volume were found to decrease. At the optimized KOH/C ratio the surface area and the pore volume were estimated to be 3,441 m 2 /g and 2.093 ml/g, respectively, with the significant proportion of which being microporous (62.3%). Activated carbon prepared under the optimum conditions was further characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Activated carbons with so high surface area and pore volume are very rarely reported, which could be owed to the nature of the precursor and the optimal conditions of mixture ratio adopted in the present work.
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“the prominent C -O stretching vibration mode is attributed to the high content of KOH introduced during biochar activation [37].”
From Direct air capture of CO2 by KOH-activated bamboo biochar (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
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Citations
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Preparation of high surface area activated carbon from coconut shells using microwave heating
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Rasouli, K., Rasouli, J., Mohtaram, M. S., Sabbaghi, S., Kamyab, H., Moradi, H., & Chelliapan, S. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138181 · Cited by 190
Direct air capture of CO2 by KOH-activated bamboo biochar
Zhang, C., Sun, S., He, S., & Wu, C. (2022) · Journal of the Energy Institute · doi:10.1016/j.joei.2022.10.017 · Cited by 108
Bamboo for producing charcoal and biochar for versatile applications
Chaturvedi, K., Singhwane, A., Dhangar, M., Mili, M., Gorhae, N., Naik, A., Prashant, N., Srivastava, A. K., & Verma, S. (2023) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-022-03715-3 · Cited by 112
“[48] advocated microwave heating for converting bamboo into a large surface area of activated carbon.”
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Cesano, F., Cravanzola, S., Brunella, V., & Scarano, D. (2019) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.109605 · Cited by 40
Adsorption behavior of alcohol vapors on Zonguldak-Karadon coal derived porous carbons
Erdoğan, F. O., & Kopaç, T. (2019) · Energy Sources Part A Recovery Utilization and Environmental Effects · doi:10.1080/15567036.2019.1666191 · Cited by 36
Asrat, Y., Adugna, A. T., Kamaraj, M., & Beyan, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1155/2021/5554353 · Cited by 33
“Since the quantity of metal ion is constant, an increase in the amount of adsorbent above a quantity that can completely adsorb the available metal ion had no apparent effect on a further increase of percent adsorption [25].”
BackgroundTian, X., Luo, S., Huang, R., Sun, M., Zhang, Z., & Yan, S. (2024) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.176090 · Cited by 21
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Kopaç, T., & Lin, S. D. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-024-05583-y · Cited by 14
“Xia et al. (2016) reported that, compared with the other base studied, KOH resulted in the highest surface area (AC) when using MW activation of bamboo.”
Divya, M. P., Krishnamoorthi, S., Ravi, R., Varuvel, G. J., Baranidharan, K., Raveendran, M., & Hemalatha, P. (2025) · Advances in Bamboo Science · doi:10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100148 · Cited by 13
Advanced Sustainable Carbon Material from Babassu Biomass and its Adsorption Performance
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Treatment of textile wastewater by agricultural waste biomasses
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Kaushal, S., Ahmad, R., Abdelnaby, M. M., Essalhi, M., Kumar, A. M., & Hussein, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2025.10.044 · Cited by 2
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“This increase also occurred when using chemical activators (Feng et al. 2020) during carbonization, such as ZnCl 2 (Pezoti Junior et al. 2014; Zhao et al. 2015; Liou 2010), H 2 SO 4 (Karagöz et al. 2008; Demirbas et al. 2008), H 3 PO 4 (Gokce and Aktas 2014; Carraro et al. 2019), H 2 O 2 (Heo and Park 2018), NaOH (Mar…”
InfluentialEffect of Activation Agents on COD Reduction Using Activated Carbon from Agricultural Residue
Alias, M. Z. M., Ghazi, R. M., Yusoff, N. R. N., & Jamaludin, M. H. (2020) · Materials science forum · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1010.453 · Cited by 2
“Another study by Xia [4] claimed that KOH activation carbon has abundant circular pores, thus supported the result in this study for KOH activation.”
ResultRajadurai, B., & Chandradass, J. (2024) · Materials Research Express · doi:10.1088/2053-1591/ad95e6 · Cited by 2
Efficient CO2 capture using deep eutectic solvent-activated carbon slurry systems
Foorginezhad, S., Chen, Y., & Ji, X. (2025) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138091 · Cited by 1
“S1 (b)) demonstrated good alignment with previously reported studies on ACs [32 – 37], exhibiting hybrid characteristics of type I and type II isotherms.”
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Smirnova, E. V., Giniyatullin, K. G., & Sakhabiev, I. A. (2026) · Eurasian Soil Science · doi:10.1134/s106422932660137x
“Acid and alkaline treatments are successfully used for chemical activation of BCh [62, 78, 169].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Xia, H., Wu, J., Srinivasakannan, C., Peng, J., & Zhang, L.
- Affiliations
- Kunming University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Chemical Engineering Program, The petroleum Institute, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Corresponding author
- Peng, Jinhui
- Venue
- High Temperature Materials and Processes
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2015-08-05
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 535-541
- ISSN
- 0334-6455 (ISSN-L)
- 2191-0324
- OpenAlex
- W2460075380
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- High Temperature Materials and Processes (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Bamboo properties and applications
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- activated carbon, bamboo, microwave heating, chemical activation, KOH activation, activating agents, high surface area, porosity, pore volume, microporosity, biomass-derived carbon
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