Impact of external resistance and maximal effort on force-velocity characteristics of the knee extensors during strengthening exercise: A randomized controlled experiment
Abstract
It remains controversial whether maximal effort attained by high external resistance is required to optimize muscle adaptation to strengthening exercise. Here, we compared different training protocols reaching maximal effort with either high-resistance (HImax, 80% of 1-repetition maximum [1RM]) or low-resistance (LOmax, ≤40% 1RM). Thirty-six young volunteers were randomly assigned to 9 weeks of leg extension training at either HImax (1 set of 10-12 repetitions at 80% 1RM), LO (1 set of 10-12 repetitions at 40% 1RM, no maximal effort), or LOmax (1 set of 10-12 repetitions at 40% 1RM, preceded [no rest] by 60 repetitions at 20-25% 1RM). Knee extension 1RM was measured preintervention and postintervention and before the 7th, 13th, and 19th training sessions. Preintervention and postintervention, knee extensor static (PTstat) and dynamic (PTdyn) peak torque, maximal work (MW), and speed of movement at 20% (S20), 40% (S40), and 60% (S60) of PTstat were recorded with a Biodex dynamometer. All the groups showed a significant increase in 1RM, with a greater improvement in HImax from the 13th session on (p < 0.05). The HImax was the only group that significantly increased PTstat (+7.4 ± 8.1%, p = 0.01). The LOmax showed a significantly greater increase in S20 (+6.0 ± 3.2%), PTdyn (+9.8 ± 5.6%), and MW (+15.1 ± 10.6%) than both HImax and LO (p = 0.044 for S20, p = 0.030 for PTdyn, p = 0.025 for MW) and was the only group that increased in S40 (+7.7 ± 9.7%, p = 0.032). In conclusion, si…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Findings on isokinetic strength are conflicting; some studies show a benefit of heavy load training, others show a benefit to low-load training, and yet others show no differences between conditions.
“the findings from available evidence are conflicting; some studies show a benefit of heavy load training [27,28], others show a benefit to low-load training [29] and yet others show no differences between conditions on this metric [30,31].”
From Loading recommendations for muscle strength, hypertrophy, and local endurance: a re-examination of the repetition continuum. (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
In one study [29], the group training with 40% 1RM experienced a 15% increase in total work, significantly greater than the increase observed in the 80% 1RM group (5%).
“the group training with 40% 1RM experienced a 15% increase in total work, significantly greater than the increase observed in the 80% 1RM group (5%).”
From Loading recommendations for muscle strength, hypertrophy, and local endurance: a re-examination of the repetition continuum. (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
Cites
High-Intensity Strength Training in Nonagenarians: Effects on Skeletal Muscle
Fiatarone, M. A. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440220053029 · Cited by 1,593 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In the literature, high-resistance training has already been proven to be effective in increasing muscle strength and muscle volume (4,11,16,19,21,33,35).”
BackgroundHigh-Velocity Resistance Training Increases Skeletal Muscle Peak Power in Older Women
Fielding, R. A., LeBrasseur, N. K., Cuoco, A., Bean, J., Mizer, K., & Singh, M. A. F. (2002) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50159.x · Cited by 446 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Resistance training with the intention to develop the highest possible speed during exercise is preferred to increase muscle power and speed of movement (12,13,30).”
BackgroundAnderson, T., & Kearney, J. T. (1982) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1982.10605218 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Fatigue is not a necessary stimulus for strength gains during resistance training
Folland, J. P., Irish, C. S., Roberts, J. C., Tarr, J. E., & Jones, D. A. (2002) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.5.370 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Single versus multiple sets of resistance exercise: a meta-regression.
Krieger, J. W. (2009) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b370be · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Sayers, S. P., & Gibson, K. (2010) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181f00c7c · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schoenfeld, B. J., Grgic, J., Ogborn, D., & Krieger, J. W. (2017) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002200 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
LOPEZ, P., RADAELLI, R., TAAFFE, D. R., NEWTON, R. U., GALVÃO, D. A., TRAJANO, G. S., TEODORO, J. L., KRAEMER, W. J., HÄKKINEN, K., & PINTO, R. S. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002585 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Schoenfeld, B. J., Grgic, J., Van Every, D. W., & Plotkin, D. L. (2021) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports9020032 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Van Roie, E., Delecluse, C., Coudyzer, W., Boonen, S., & Bautmans, I. (2013) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.010 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationRefalo, M. C., Hamilton, D. L., Paval, D. R., Gallagher, I. J., Feros, S. A., & Fyfe, J. J. (2021) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2021.1898094 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Strength testing or strength training: considerations for future research
Spitz, R. W., Bell, Z. W., Wong, V., Yamada, Y., Song, J. S., Buckner, S. L., Abe, T., & Loenneke, J. P. (2020) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/abb1fa · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Van Roie, E., Bautmans, I., Boonen, S., Coudyzer, W., Kennis, E., & Delecluse, C.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Delecluse, Christophe
- Venue
- Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1118-1127
- ISSN
- 1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022514955
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- knee extensors, force-velocity relationship, resistance training, maximal effort, leg extension, muscle strength, muscle power, movement speed, muscle adaptation, training protocols, one-repetition maximum, peak torque, young adults, muscle hypertrophy, muscle fiber composition, muscle fiber cross-sectional area
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Female, Humans, Knee, Male, Linear Models, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fatigue, Torque, Muscle Strength, Muscle Strength Dynamometer, Resistance Training, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
