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Norepinephrine and learning-induced plasticity in infant rat olfactory system
Open accessAbstract
Postnatal olfactory learning produces both a conditioned behavioral response and a modified olfactory bulb neural response to the learned odor. The present report describes the role of norepinephrine (NE) on both of these learned responses in neonatal rat pups. Pups received olfactory classical conditioning training from postnatal days (PN) 1-18. Training consisted of 18 trials with an intertrial interval of 24 hr. For the experimental group, a trial consisted of a pairing of unconditioned stimulus (UCS, stroking/tactile stimulation) and the conditioned stimulus (CS, odor). Control groups received either only the CS (Odor only) or only the UCS (Stroke only). Within each training condition, pups were injected with either the NE beta-receptor agonist isoproterenol (1, 20, or 4 mg/kg), the NE beta-receptor antagonist propranolol (10, 20, 40 mg/kg), or saline 30 min prior to training. On day 20, pups received one of the following tests: (1) behavioral conditioned responding, (2) injection with 14C-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and exposed to the CS odor, or (3) tested for olfactory bulb mitral/tufted cell single-unit responses to the CS odor. The results indicated that training with either: (1) Odor-Stroke-Saline, (2) Odor-Stroke-Isoproterenol-Propranolol, or (3) Odor only-Isoproterenol (2 mg/kg) was sufficient to produce a learned behavioral odor preference, enhanced uptake of 14C-2-DG in the odor-specific foci within the bulb, and a modified output signal from the bulb as measured by single-cell recordings of mitral/tufted cells. Moreover, propranolol injected prior to Odor-Stroke training blocked the acquisition of both the learned behavior and olfactory bulb responses. Thus, NE is sufficient and may be necessary for the acquisition of both learned olfactory behavior and olfactory bulb responses.
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“Specifically, in pups, pairing an odor with a moderate level of NE (2mg/kg) supports odor preference learning while a higher dose (4mg/kg) produces an odor aversion (Sullivan and Leon, 1986; Sullivan et al., 1989; Sullivan et al., 1991; Yuan et al., 2000; Harley et al., 2006; Christie-Fougere et al., 2009).”
From Early-life stress disrupts attachment learning: the role of amygdala corticosterone, locus ceruleus corticotropin releasing hormone, and olfactory bulb norepinephrine (2009) · cites this paper as Sullivan et al., 1989
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“Indeed, NE from the LC is required for the olfactory bulb's neural plasticity and attachment learning.”
From Early-life stress disrupts attachment learning: the role of amygdala corticosterone, locus ceruleus corticotropin releasing hormone, and olfactory bulb norepinephrine (2009) · cites this paper as Sullivan et al., 1989
In the citing paper
“Specifically, in pups, pairing an odor with a moderate level of NE (2mg/kg) supports odor preference learning while a higher dose (4mg/kg) produces an odor aversion (Sullivan and Leon, 1986; Sullivan et al., 1989; Sullivan et al., 1991; Yuan et al., 2000; Harley et al., 2006; Christie-Fougere et al., 2009).”
From Early-life stress disrupts attachment learning: the role of amygdala corticosterone, locus ceruleus corticotropin releasing hormone, and olfactory bulb norepinephrine (2009) · cites this paper as Sullivan et al., 1989
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sullivan, R., Wilson, D., & Leon, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1989-11-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3998-4006
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC1885972
- OpenAlex
- W1768602584
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (8606786)
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS26100, NS21484)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD024236, HD0681, P01 HD024236-080005)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- norepinephrine, olfactory learning, postnatal development, olfactory bulb, mitral/tufted cells, propranolol, isoproterenol, beta-adrenergic receptors, odor preference, 2-deoxyglucose uptake, single-unit responses, neonatal rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conditioning, Classical, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Handling, Psychological, Isoproterenol, Learning, Male, Neuronal Plasticity, Norepinephrine, Odorants, Olfactory Bulb, Propranolol, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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