Distinct Ontogeny of Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptor and 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Types I and II mRNAs in the Fetal Rat Brain Suggest a Complex Control of Glucocorticoid Actions

Abstract

Glucocorticoids (GCs) act via intracellular mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR). However, it has recently been recognized that GC access to receptors is determined by the presence of tissue-specific 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs) that catalyze the interconversion of active corticosterone and inert 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1 (11β-HSD1) is a bidirectional enzyme in vitro that acts predominantly as a reductase (regenerating corticosterone) in intact neurons. In contrast, 11β-HSD type 2 (11β-HSD2) is a higher affinity exclusive dehydrogenase that excludes GCs from MR in the kidney, producing aldosterone-selectivity in vivo. We have examined the ontogeny of 11β-HSD mRNAs and enzyme activity during prenatal brain development and correlated this with GR and MR mRNA development. These data reveal that (1) 11β-HSD2 mRNA is highly expressed in all CNS regions during midgestation, but expression is dramatically reduced during the third trimester except in the thalamus and cerebellum; (2) 11β-HSD2-like activity parallels closely the pattern of mRNA expression; (3) 11β-HSD1 mRNA is absent from the CNS until the the third trimester, and activity is low or undectectable; and (4) GR mRNA is highly expressed throughout the brain from midgestation, but MR gene expression is absent until the last few days of gestation. High 11β-HSD2 at midgestation may protect the developing brain from activation of GR by GCs. Late in gestation, repression of 11β-HSD2 gene expression may allow increasing GC activation of GR and MR, permitting key GC-dependent neuronal and glial maturational events.