Imaging Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Surround Inhibition in the Barrels Somatosensory Cortex

“Active vasoconstriction could be induced by the release of neurotransmitters or neuropeptides, and may be associated with center-surround electrophysiological patterns of activity consisting of center excitation and surround inhibition (Faraci and Breese, 1993; Faraci and Heistad, 1998; Takashima et al., 2001; Derdikm…”

“Dissimilarities in recurrent excitatory and inhibitory circuits within V1 and extrastriate areas could explain these timing differences as observed in the somatosensory cortex (Derdikman et al., 2003; Petersen et al., 2003).”

“The fast ~150ms evoked response was followed by an initial period of ~750ms, characterized by depolarization (VSD overshoot), and the enhanced firing of a minority of neurons, whereas the rest of the population was silenced, and a fostered rhythmic activity of around 15Hz (Derdikman et al. 2003; Halassa et al. 2011) s…”

“Indirect physiological evidence (Derdikman et al., 2003; Haider et al., 2010) has also been obtained for local excitation and surround inhibition in the cerebral cortex of mammals.”

“2011) with net excitatory effects to nearby cells and net inhibitory effects to more distant cells, via connections to local GABAergic neurons (Derdikman et al. 2003).”

“Also, the VSD responses did not show a sign reversal corresponding to the negative--positive components of the LFP (as in Grinvald et al. 1994; but see Derdikman et al. 2003).”

“Such waves have also been described in the primary visual [23], [88] and somatosensory cortices [ 27 ], [36], [72] of mammals, including humans [98].”

“…between electrophysiological, 2DG, and optical imaging data suggests that the three methodologies are complementary and reveal similar aspects of cortical organization (Derdikman et al. 2003; Hodge et al. 1997; Masino 2003; McCasland et al. 1997; Simons and Land 1987; Takashima et al. 2001).”

“Later work also confirmed the triphasic response of this elicited activity observed by Kleinfeld and Delaney,(50) a rapid initial depolarization phase, followed by hyperpolarization, and ending with a long-lasting rebound depolarization.(51,53) The stimulus-sensitive hyperpolarizing phase appeared in the form of an as…”

“9:40. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2015.00040 Slow dynamics in features of synchronized neural network responses Netta Haroush 1, 2* and Shimon Marom 1, 2 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, 2Network Biology Research Laboratories, Faculty of Electrical Engineer…”

“…et al., 2003; Orbach et al., 1985; Petersen and Sakmann, 2001; Sharon and Grinvald, 2002; Tsodyks et al., 1999) and the somatosensory cortex, (Crochet and Petersen, 2006; Derdikman et al., 2003; Ferezou et al., 2006, 2007; Kleinfeld and Delaney, 1996; Orbach et al., 1985; Petersen et al., 2003).”

“Rapid imaging technologies now enable higher spatial and temporal resolution of neuronal activity (Berger et al., 2007; Derdikman et al., 2003).”

“In complementary work, Devor et al. (2003) measured the intrinsic optical signal in vibrissa S1 cortex of rat, with a stimulus paradigm similar to that in Derdikman et al. (2003), simultaneously with multiple-unit electrical activity.”

“This model will also explore how stimulus coding might be affected by distance-dependent weights on synaptic connections, as suggested by recent experiments [62,64].”

“Further, the distribution can be dynamically shifted towards regions of heightened electrical activity and concurrent metabolic load [6, 7].”

“Much of this inhibition is GABAergic and generates a center-surround pattern of excitation-inhibition, respectively (Derdikman et al. 2003;Helmstaedter et al. 2009;Fino and Yuste 2011).”

“Transcolumnar projecting INs have been described in L2/3 as well, and were linked to the surround inhibition in the upper layers of the barrel cortex (Kleinfeld and Delaney 1996; Derdikman et al. 2003; Helmstaedter et al. 2008b).”

“Single unit studies and imaging studies using voltage-sensitive dyes likewise have shown that excitation in the responding neuronal population is accompanied by the development of a surrounding field of inhibition [32-35].”

“the magnitude of the hyperpolarization was less than 10% of the magnitude of the early depolarization in the central regions and approximately 25% of that in the surrounding regions [12].”

“…1990; Ts’o et al. 1990; Kleinfeld and Delaney 1996; Moore and Nelson 1998; Ghazanfar and Nicolelis 1999; Brecht and Sakmann 2002; Brecht et al. 2003; Derdikman et al. 2003; Devor et al. 2003, 2005; Higley and Contreras 2003, 2005; Masino 2003; Petersen et al. 2003a, 2003b; Ferezou et al. 2006,…”

“2010), but also allows the dynamic redistribution of blood toward regions of heightened electrical activity (Devor et al. 2007; Derdikman et al. 2003)(Fig.”

“Derdikman [11] and Takashima [12] had used the voltage-sensitive dye optical imaging method to observe the phenomena of surrounding inhibition in the rat barrel somatosensory cortex.”

“Briefly, cortices of 0-to 1-day-old rats (Wistar, either sex; Charles River Laboratories) were dissected, dissociated by trypsin treat-ment (T1426; Merck-Sigma Aldrich) and DNase (10104159001; Merck-Sigma Aldrich), followed by trituration using a siliconized Pasteur pipette.”

“The motivation for the use of Mexican-hat like transformations is their abundance in the nervous system [26,27,28].”

“Can the modulation of epochs 3 and 4 involve surround/lateral inhibition (54) from neighboring barrel columns (55) (Fig.”

“Evidence already exists supporting a functional role of spindle-like oscillations in awake animals, related to whisking 15,18,29–31 .”

“To substantiate such a hypothesis, we also recorded neural activity during controlled whisker movements and showed that the frequency centered around 11 Hz is strongly reinforced in the barrel cortex as a response to whisker stimulation [50,54–57].”

“Note that the term “triphasic response” has been used for similar signal fluctuations in the animal literature by, for example, Zhu and Connors (1999), Kleinfeld and Delaney (1996), and Derdikman et al. (2003).”

“, 2005), as well as the somatosensory (Derdikman et al., 2003; Devonshire et al., 2010), and olfactory systems (Cury and Uchida, 2010; Junek et al.”

“This result is unsurprising, the role of inhibition in sensory cortex input sharpening is well-known(27, 28).”

“…et al., 1994; Slovin et al., 2002; Jancke et al., 2004; Xu et al., 2007; Ahmed et al., 2008; Han et al., 2008; Nauhaus et al., 2009), somatosensory (Derdikman et al., 2003; Petersen et al., 2003; Civillico and Contreras, 2006), auditory (Reimer et al., 2010); and motor (Rubino et al., 2006)…”

“The fact that these phenomena are more commonly observed under systemic anesthesia (e.g., Derdikman et al., 2003) than in awake animals (but see Kay, 2005; Tort et al., 2010), makes it tempting to conclude, in light of the above-described work, that awake behavior might suppress both neuronal…”

“At some 40 ms after the stimulus start, the whole barrel cortex came depolarized (Kleinfeld and Delaney 1996; Petersen et al. 2003a, b; Derdikman et al. 2003; Civillico and Contreras 2005; Ferezou et al. 2006; Reidl et al. 2007).”