The DOI matches its Crossref record; none of the 27 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Interpretation of the Original Text of the Eight Deferential Rules (P. aṭṭhagarudhammā)
Open accessAbstract
In ancient India, women traditionally faced extreme discrimination. However, the Buddha emphasised that men and women are both suitable Dharma vessels and equally equipped with the capacity for liberation. In addition, he carefully and skilfully negotiated the opposition from the monks and society at large towards women and helped them establish a spiritual community (saṅgha) of their own. Nevertheless, according to the accounts of the Vinaya, the Buddha required the bhikkhunīs to abide by what known as the Eight Deferential Rules, whose core is to pay respect to bhikkhus and to submit to the control of bhikkhu saṅghas. Master argued that the inequality reflected in the making of the Eight Deferential Rules originated from the social context of that era. As bhikkhus, they were obligated to oversee and educate bhikkhunīs because of their seniority in the saṅgha. As a result, bhikkhunīs were obligated to respect bhikkhus even if some were of lower social status than themselves. Therefore, Yinshun argued, the intention of setting the Deferential Rules was actually for bhikkhus to inspire and guide rather than to discriminate and suppress bhikkhunīs. This essay analyses and interprets the Eight Deferential Rules from the perspectives of scriptural context and historical background. It infers that the right to compile and interpret scripture has always been dominated by bhikkhus. Therefore, it is likely that some bhikkhus with chauvinistic minds turned the original ethical structure of seniority in the Buddhist community into a bias of gender inequality. Consequently, bhikkhus took pride in their gender, and bhikkhunīs were overshadowed by a perception of inferiority which caused difficulties in their lives. This even led to the interruption of bhikkhunī lineages in the and Tibetan Buddhist systems. Furthermore, the essay argues that the Eight Deferential Rules should be regarded as a product of history and be fully deconstructed. According to the author, this would liberate female practitioners’ spirits, as well as hold the key to freeing the conditioned minds of male practitioners.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This essay reads the Eight Deferential Rules through early Buddhist scriptural accounts and historical context, arguing that they became a male-dominated instrument of control rather than the Buddha’s original egalitarian intent. It calls for their full deconstruction so that bhikkhunī lineages and female practitioners can be liberated from gender hierarchy.
Key findings
- The author argues that the first four rules functioned as practical/ethical guidance for a newly founded bhikkhunī saṅgha, while rules five through seven encode gender bias, especially the requirement that even a bhikkhunī ordained for a hundred years must prostrate to a newly ordained bhikkhu.
- Comparing Vinaya versions, the paper reports that four rules appear across versions and that minor differences undermine claims that all eight rules came directly from the Buddha; it also argues that the eighth rule’s mānatta penalty was originally a lesser pācittiya offence before later conservative bhikkhus made it harsher.
- The author claims the requirement that bhikkhunī ordination be approved by both saṅghas likely contributed to the near extinction of Theravāda and Tibetan bhikkhunī lineages, because bhikkhus can refuse to form the needed ten-member group, potentially causing bhikkhunī saṅghas to disappear in less than two decades.
- As counter-evidence to the prophecy that female ordination shortens the Dharma’s lifespan, the paper cites Taiwan over the last two decades, where bhikkhunīs outnumber bhikkhus by a factor of two, Buddhism has thrived, and the Tzu Chi Foundation has more than ten million members worldwide.
Methods
- This is an interpretive and historical-critical essay rather than an empirical study, analysing the Eight Deferential Rules through scriptural context, Vinaya accounts, and historical background.
- It draws on Pali and Chinese Buddhist canonical sources, multiple Vinaya versions, Manusmṛti and historical descriptions of ancient Indian women, and especially the writings of Master Yinshun, comparing his views with the author’s own deconstructive reading.
- The main analysis is comparative and normative: it examines textual inconsistencies, reconstructs possible historical motivations, and argues for nullifying rules that conflict with the principle of universal equality.
Limitations
- The paper states that there is no way to verify its claim that early bhikkhus created a pseudo-claim on the Buddha’s behalf to discredit women’s monastic legitimacy.
- The author repeatedly marks key historical reconstructions as inferences or suspicions, such as the idea that conservative bhikkhus added harsher penalties to control bhikkhunīs, so these are presented as interpretations rather than established facts.
- Evident from the text: the essay relies heavily on selected scriptural passages, Yinshun’s scholarship, and the author’s nearly three decades of observation in Buddhist communities; it does not provide a systematic survey or independent empirical test of the rules’ effects across Buddhist traditions.
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Claims the paper makes
68 Own interpretation · 39 No basis given · 27 Sources not found · 4 Own result · 3 Not checked yet
In the paper
“Bhikkhu Kapila was reprimanded by some bhikkhunīs because he destroyed the relic chamber of a deceased bhikkhunī.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sifen lü, T 1428.22.776b19-c7
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When examining various versions of vinaya, I found that bhikkhunī Gautamī reported misdeeds of the Six Bhikkhus to the Buddha.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sifen lü, T 1428.22.647b26-8b28
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In other cases, such as the aforementioned mānatta rule, for the same transgression the punishment for the bhikkhunīs is always greater.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sifen lü
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This even led to the interruption of bhikkhunī lineages in the Theravāda and Tibetan Buddhist systems.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, I infer that Ānanda's initial proposal was the main catalyst for ultimately allowing female ordination.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This proved that this was not a consistent set of regulations even before the division of Buddhism into various schools.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Female ordination has never been the reason for the languishing of Buddhism in any time or place in world history.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, it is likely that some bhikkhus with chauvinistic minds turned the original ethical structure of seniority in the Buddhist community into a bias of gender inequality.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Buddhist community's original ethical order was based on seniority rather than gender inequality.
In the paper
“after making a detailed comparison of the existing records, Master Yinshun discovered minor differences in the content of these Eight Rules in various versions of vinaya.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, they were made to remind the bhikkhu saṅgha, which was established long before the bhikkhunī saṅgha, to select assistant teachers from senior members with both the morality and knowledge required to guide this new saṅgha.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 93
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Though Ānanda helped women gain ordination, after the Buddha's death Mahākassapa brought harsh and unfair charges against him specifically about this.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over the last two decades, the population of Taiwanese bhikkhunīs has outnumbered bhikkhus by a factor of two.Not only has Taiwanese Buddhism not ebbed, but it has in fact thrived.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Buddha disagreed with Ānanda's second point regarding the parental nurturing he had received from Gautamī.He believed that the benefits were reciprocal.Moreover, he argued, principles cannot be based on an individual case.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“when his aunt Mahāpajāpatī Gautamī (referred to as Gautamī hereafter) along with a slew of palace maids sought ordination from him, he hesitated and did not offer an immediate promise.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the Buddha refused to answer her question of whether women could be ordained.Gautamī persisted with two further requests despite the Buddha's initial refusal.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Buddha recognised her care for him but thought he, too, had benefited Gautamī.She had taken refuge with the Three Jewels, heard teachings, upheld precepts, practised generosity, and gained wisdom.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“He confronted Ānanda at the gathering, accused him of major misdeeds-one of which was to request female ordination from the Buddha-and asked Ānanda to confess to this publicly.Although Ānanda thought he had done nothing wrong, he confessed in order to foster harmony in the bhikkhu saṅgha.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to vinaya, there once were bhikkhus who passed by a wilderness and had their belongings and clothes robbed by bandits.They then had to go naked to the capital of Sāvatthi (舍衛城), and the bhikkhus in Jetavana vihāra (祇園精舍) kindly gave them clothes to cover themselves.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gautamī went to him and asked whether women were able to attain the state of arhat.The Buddha responded that females could indeed practise the Dharma and achieve enlightenment.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“numerous modern bhikkhunīs are highly educated, responsive, and possess strong organisational skills.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The bhikkhus escalated the argument and proposed that bhikkhunī relic chambers would no longer be built within the boundaries of a bhikkhu saṅgha from then on.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sifen lü
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Buddha did not stop her from reporting, and reprimanded the six misbehaving monks.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sifen lü
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From my nearly three decades of observation in the Buddhist community, I have found that whenever thought and behaviour are not in accordance with the Dharma, they cast shadows in practitioners' minds and create difficulties in their lives.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Master Yinshun examined the texts and asserted that Mahāsāṃghika and the Saṃmitīya schools offered different interpretations of these rules.21 Both require bhikkhunīs to show deference to bhikkhus.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, however, Ānanda never failed to follow the Buddha's perspective.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It infers that the right to compile and interpret scripture has always been dominated by bhikkhus.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Buddha's original teaching was egalitarian and later patriarchal monks distorted it.
In the paper
“emphasised that after followers are ordained and begin studying Dharma, they no longer belong to their original castes, and from then on are only referred to as monastics.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When a widow lost her husband, she was considered ominous.According to tradition, she should shave her head and not be allowed to wear jewellery or colourful clothes.She cannot inherit anything from her husband's will nor remarry, and is bound to household chores for the rest of her life.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, gender discrimination does not come from social bias, but from every mind that is possessed by ignorance and arrogance.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I believe that the Buddha was mainly concerned with practical difficulties.First of all, female monastics' safety could hardly be guaranteed.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the bhikkhunīs must take additional vows including the Eight Deferential Rules which focus on respect and etiquette towards the bhikkhus, and allow the bhikkhu saṅgha to exert great power over the bhikkhunī saṅgha.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there is no way to verify the validity of this claim, it was misused by later generations of bhikkhu saṅghas to hinder the formation of bhikkhunī saṅghas in Theravāda and Tibetan lineages.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Master Yinshun argued that the inequality reflected in the making of the Eight Deferential Rules originated from the social context of that era.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
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In the paper
“(8) A bhikkhunī who breaks any of the vows of respect must undergo mānatta discipline before both orders.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The foundational belief that all beings are equal causes tension within any hierarchy (including with regard to male superiority in gendered hierarchies).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“He concluded that Ānanda requested the Buddha to ordain women and the Buddha had granted his request.This symbolised a view of equal opportunity for the liberation of both men and women.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, I infer that the Buddha did not respond to Ānanda directly.There may have been many reasons for him to hesitate to offer female ordination in the scriptures, some of which sound like attacks and insults stemming from the bhikkhus' assumptions.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Buddha, as an enlightened being who understood interdependence, cared about equality.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those in the Buddhist saṅgha are not immune to the above mentality; they can be misled by the righteousness of their interpretation of sacred words and become lost in wrong views.Here we may find even more rampant gendered prejudice than in the general population.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“any discrimination against others-whether based on ethnicity, identity, gender, or species-is derived from ignorance and misunderstanding of dependent origination.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As bhikkhus, they were obligated to oversee and educate bhikkhunīs because of their seniority in the saṅgha.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What Mahākassapa represented was the traditional male-centred view which regarded females as ominous and with lesser capacity.Instead of a full investigation into the reasons for a potential downfall of the Dharma, Mahākassapa attributed it to female ordination.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mānatta is the eighth Deferential Rule and is the punishment for violating any of the others.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The recorded dialogues between the Buddha and Ānanda in various scriptures seem incoherent and lack rationality.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From Mahākassapa's reaction, we see how much this incident disturbed those conservative senior members who were entrenched in the chauvinism of the times.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, via sati, a Hindu funerary practise, widows could be immolated on their husband's pyre shortly after his demise.Both families encouraged this living sacrifice.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a society that held strong discriminatory views against women, and in which male Buddhist practitioners appropriated the right to compile and interpret the canons, it would have been difficult for them to escape the influence of the cultural view of the female gender as a source of impurity, evil, and an obstacle to monastic life.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, even when women faced serious discrimination in ancient India, the Buddha reinforced that men and women can both be dharmic vessels and reach liberation.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For two thousand years, Buddhist philosophy has been held in the hands of male practitioners.This situation has not only hindered the Buddhist spirit of equality for both genders but also elevated the male status and subjugated the female status.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead of being uplifted, female practitioners have been despised, reviled, and considered to lack the intelligence and worthiness to receive Buddhist teachings from these male practitioners.That is a total distortion of the Buddha Dharma!”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, Yinshun argued, the intention of setting the Deferential Rules was actually for bhikkhus to inspire and guide rather than to discriminate and suppress bhikkhunīs.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, in Buddhist philosophy, all beings are considered equal under the principle of dependent origination.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In ancient India, women traditionally faced extreme discrimination.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, bhikkhus took pride in their gender, and bhikkhunīs were overshadowed by a perception of inferiority which caused difficulties in their lives.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“according to the accounts of the Vinaya, the Buddha required the bhikkhunīs to abide by what are known as the Eight Deferential Rules, whose core is to pay respect to bhikkhus and to submit to the control of bhikkhu saṅghas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Buddha emphasised that men and women are both suitable Dharma vessels and equally equipped with the capacity for liberation.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in different versions of the vinaya, the following four rules appear in all versions: (1) As an initiate, a bhikkhunī trains in six disciplines for two years, then should she wish to seek higher ordination from both saṅghas, she may do so.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the legend of Gautamī's ordination, she practised the Eight Deferential Rules.Therefore, it is said that she adopted this practise in exchange for her ordination.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differences undermine the credibility of the rules themselves and further call into question those who attributed them directly to the Buddha to strengthen their legitimacy.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“he carefully and skilfully negotiated the opposition from the monks and society at large towards women and helped them establish a spiritual community (saṅgha) of their own.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even under intense cultural pressure to treat women as inferiors, using skilful means, the Buddha carefully reduced bias of male monastics and of the general public, and supported the formation of a female saṅgha.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All versions of vinaya later interpreted this answer as a refusal of women's requests for ordination.In this view, if females were ordained, the true Dharma would become extinct five hundred years sooner than it would otherwise.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, due to the precedent requiring the involvement of both saṅghas when it comes to bhikkhunīs, everything bhikkhunīs are required to do is increased or even doubled.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the situation had been reversed, the acts would not have been tolerated.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The purpose of listing these ten conditions is to help readers understand that these rules are like ethical codes for a profession which, in this case, is a monastic assistant teacher.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out of compassion, he instituted these rules to protect and take care of the bhikkhunī saṅgha.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the contrary, it was highly likely that a misstep incur a lesser punishment initially but that the rule was later altered by bhikkhus with an authoritative mentality.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the Sifen lü 四分律 (Skt.*Dharmaguptakavinaya, Four-Part Vinaya), the ten qualities that make a bhikkhu qualified for this are: 1) having received full ordination; 2) possessing outstanding powers of memory; 3) capable of reciting the two sets of vows; 4) determination; 5) competence in offering teachings; 6) not coming from the lowest caste; 7) having appealing looks, so that joy arises”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sifen lü, T 1428.22.767a18-b2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Master Yinshun considered the first four rules to be the actual way in which the Eight Deferential Rules were implemented.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, why were those bhikkhus, many of whom came from the lower castes and were poorly educated, not required to emulate the bhikkhunīs?Instead, this rule proposed that all bhikkhunīs, regardless of capability and level of education, surrender to the bhikkhus.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shih, "Jiejie yuanwei yu zhijie yuanli," 360.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the critique of the bhikkhus' behaviour has since become seen as a transgression on the part of the bhikkhunīs.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, they can also invite the bhikkhu saṅgha to point out their faults at the end of their retreat (the fourth rule).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Therefore, Yinshun concurred that it must have been practically impossible to apply mānatta, which is why the penance was changed to the lesser.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yinshun
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, later on, conservative senior bhikkhus added harsher penance, such as practicing mānatta every two weeks in front of both saṅghas, which, in my opinion, seems like a means to tighten the control of bhikkhunīs.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Master Yinshun considered that the Eight Deferential Rules were written to address saṅgha relations.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yinshun
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In ancient India, some senior females were from noble or wealthy families.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These rules are neither constructing a bhikkhu's right to leadership over bhikkhunīs nor emphasising patriarchal gender ethics.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If all of them are considered to be Deferential Rules, transgressors would be expected to practise mānatta-the penance for the second category of probationary offence-in front of the two saṅghas on the second and fourth week of the month.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yinshun
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By doing so, these rules are very different from the original vinaya for bhikkhunīs.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“She would also be one step closer to being expelled from the saṅgha.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a bhikkhunī fails to prostrate to a newly ordained bhikkhu, or speaks about a bhikkhu's misdeed, she would be guilty of a probationary offence (mānatta) that is only second to the most serious downfall.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared to the rules affecting bhikkhunīs in vinaya, he discovered that for the same level of infraction in the case of bhikkhus, the penance is pācittiya, which is a lesser category of violation and can be translated as”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yinshun
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like Viśākhā, some female patrons took robes later in their lives, and after their demise, their relic chambers were constructed on the land they had kindly offered for use by monastic saṅghas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When bhikkhunīs attempt to find a location for the Rains Retreat, they are required to not stay too far away from the bhikkhu saṅgha, such that they can easily go for their instructions every two weeks (the third rule).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I personally often suspect that the rule”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The first four rules are meant to demonstrate respect for bhikkhus.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yinshun
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reason the Buddha instated any vow was to prolong the continuation of the right Dharma”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Understandably, these acts stirred anger within the bhikkhunī saṅgha.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These first four rules are more likely to have been made by the Buddha in the early stages of the monastic community's development.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One example is Mṛgāra-mātṛ, known by her worldly name as Viśākhā, who had deep faith in Buddhism and became a major patron of the bhikkhu saṅgha.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The aforementioned eighth rule refers to the expiation for those who transgress the other seven rules.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yinshun
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I suspect conservative bhikkhus added this harsher penance (mānatta) in order to control bhikkhunīs more strictly.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After all, the lands were the possessions of these patrons' families; even though the buildings constructed on them may have belonged to the bhikkhu saṅgha, the lands were not necessarily their property.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Who would have thought that later on, patriarchal bhikkhus would use them to confine the bhikkhunīs' development?”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those bhikkhus who oppose the continuation of bhikkhunī lineages, some of which are already broken, with trivial excuses or”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The next three rules are intended to address etiquette.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yinshun
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sixth rule basically sets up the potential for panic and resentment among spiritual sisters and brothers.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Master Yinshun thought that these rules were derived from the context of women being treated unequally in traditional societies.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yinshun
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When they interacted with bhikkhus from inferior castes, the bhikkhunīs were not to behave in a superior manner based on their noble castes but rather to defer to them as senior members.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is not only bhikkhunīs who are afflicted by this unfair system, but also Theravāda women of eight or ten precepts and Tibetan anis.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The intention was to inspire and enhance the monastic membership, not to dismiss and repress half of it.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yinshun
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the Buddha's teaching of the”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initially, the admonishment of a bhikkhu was deemed a mere pācittiya transgression.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the unreasonable and absurd rules-namely, rules five through sevenare presented as gender ethics instead of gender bias.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the right to compile and interpret the Buddha's teachings belongs solely to the bhikkhus, some of the contents and provisions might be erroneously explained by the bhikkhus to restrict and control the bhikkhunīs.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The purpose of this is to support the right Dharma, so that Buddhist inner discipline may abide in the world.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any other ideology that professes hierarchy is not ultimate.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Therefore, the original rationale for establishing these rules was to create a conducive environment where bhikkhunīs respect bhikkhus and the latter guide and educate the former.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yinshun
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, bhikkhunīs should offer their respect from a position of inferiority in terms of deportment.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Essentially, a bhikkhunī is required to”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From this rule, we see that gender bias becomes ubiquitous and influences all Buddhist community members (rather than solely bhikkhus and bhikkhunīs).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After all, if bhikkhus' devotion to the Buddhist teachings and strict adher-ence to their vows occur under the delusion of ignorance and self-importance, they will completely deviate from the wisdom of interdependence and selflessness.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Buddhism, no rule can contradict the ten benefits (root vows) that are fundamental to the saṅgha establishment.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any rule, as long as it is instituted for a specific time or environment, may be transgressed due to changing times and places.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the ancient to modern saṅghas, the root of Buddhist correct thought and behaviour is Dharma: the principles of interdependence, impermanence, and selflessness-all of which are based on the premise that all beings are equal.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ten root rules of the precepts are the foundation for this.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the differences in causes and conditions, a variety of distinct paths for female practitioners have unfolded.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This choice is based on the wisdom of interdependence, impermanence, and selflessness, and could help deconstruct the male chauvinism that still persists in the Buddhist world today.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most grievous provision of the Eight Rules is”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If this could happen, it would provide equal opportunities for both female and male practitioners to reach their ultimate pursuit of a liberated mind.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The Buddhist community's original ethical order was based on seniority rather than gender inequality.
“turned the original ethical structure of seniority in the Buddhist community into a bias of gender inequality”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Buddha's original teaching was egalitarian and later patriarchal monks distorted it.
“created this pseudo-claim on his behalf to discredit the legitimacy of women in the monastic tradition”
The paper relies on this without support.
Modern Taiwanese Buddhism can serve as evidence against an ancient prophecy that female ordination would cause the Dharma to decline.
“The development of Buddhism in Taiwan for the last twenty years provides powerful evidence to disprove the prophecy”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Buddha, as an enlightened being who understood interdependence, cared about equality.
“As an enlightened being who understood interdependence, he certainly cared about equality-the core theory of interdependence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Numerous modern bhikkhunīs are highly educated, responsive, and possess strong organisational skills.
“numerous modern bhikkhunīs are highly educated, responsive, and possess strong organisational skills.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Buddhism is a religion of egalitarianism.
“Buddhism is known to be a religion of egalitarianism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Newly ordained monastics may need education and monitoring.
“While it is true that newly ordained monastics may need education and monitoring”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Buddha understood human nature and realised that beautiful looks were valued.
“He understood human nature and realised beautiful looks were valued.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Recently ordained bhikkhunīs were not yet capable of using their best judgment.
“these recently ordained bhikkhunīs were not yet capable of using their best judgment”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no reason for bhikkhunīs to want to stop ordaining new members.
“There is no reason for bhikkhunīs to want to stop ordaining new members”
The paper relies on this without support.
Today, the quantity and quality of bhikkhunīs are greater than that of bhikkhus.
“I believe that both the quantity and quality of bhikkhunīs are greater than that of bhikkhus.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Today, bhikkhunī saṅghas are mature and fathom the teachings.
“now that the bhikkhunī saṅghas are mature and fathom the teachings”
The paper relies on this without support.
Today, bhikkhunī saṅghas are more independent than ever before.
“Today, bhikkhunī saṅghas are more independent than ever before.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The natural evolution of saṅghas occurs due to interdependence.
“if we ignore the natural evolution of saṅghas which occurs due to interdependence”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Buddha could not be present to oversee and guide the first bhikkhunī saṅgha in the long run.
“The Buddha could not be there to oversee and guide them in the long run.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The first bhikkhunī saṅgha had limited Dharma knowledge when it was newly formed.
“When the first bhikkhunī saṅgha was nascent, they had limited Dharma knowledge.”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu, trans. Sutta Nipāta: The Discourse Group. Valley Center: Metta Forest Monastery, 2016. https://www.dhammatalks.org/Archive/ Writings/Ebooks/SuttaNipata210710.pdf. Vasala Sutta [An Outcaste]. Sn 1:7. Yinshun 印順. Chuqi dacheng fojiao zhi qiyuan yu kaizhan 初期大乘佛教之起 源與開展 [The Origin and Development of the Early Stage of Mahāyāna Buddhism]. 7th ed. Taipei: Zhengwen chubanshe 正聞出版社, 1983. Y 0035.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schonthal, B. (2025) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-050420-105512 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Shih, C.-H.
- Affiliations
- Hsuan Chuang University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Shih, Chao-Hwei
- Venue
- Yin-Cheng Journal of Contemporary Buddhism
- Publisher
- Buddhist Tzu Chi Charity Foundation
- Published
- 2023-05-10
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 219-244
- ISSN
- 2996-5640 (ISSN-L)
- 2996-5659
- OpenAlex
- W4392777295
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Yin-Cheng Journal of Contemporary Buddhism (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Religion, Gender, and Enlightenment
- Keywords
- Buddhist nuns, Buddhist monks, Buddhist monastic discipline, biblical exegesis, women in Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhist nuns, gender discrimination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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