Students' Resistance in the Classroom

“Various writers have documented or analyzed the tendency of students, those of color or not, to resist what they view as an unfair power structure (Alpert, 1991; D’Amato, 1988; Giroux, 1983; Mirón and Lauria, 1998; Sanders, 1998; Sun, 1993).”

“In the tra di tional class room, stu dents pro duce work for which the instruc tor is the only audi ence (Alpert 1991).”

“These reactionary behaviors are more likely to occur when: 1) youth perceive a need to resist what they view as unfair power structure; 2) youth are experience a sense of oppressed and disadvantaged because of their skin color or social class; or 3) youth perceives that embracing the dominant culture means rejecting t…”

“Common student resistance behaviors include refusing to complete work or participate, arguing, and making fun of teachers (Alpert, 1991; Field & Olafson, 1999). Kearney, Plax, and Burroughs (1991) found that students enact 19 types of resistance (for a review, see Chory & Goodboy, 2010) and are likely to use reluctant…”

“In a qualitative study of three English classes in a white middle-class school, students showed less resistance when teachers acknowledged students’ personal knowledge (Alpert, 1991).”

“There is general agreement that resistance affects student performance in school (Anyon, 1981; Sun, 1995) as well as teacher instruction and attitudes toward learners (Alpert, 1991; Spaulding, 1995).”

“They may demonstrate overt misbehavior or quietly subversive resistance through nonparticipation in classroom discourse (Alpert, 1991).”

“Research indicates that students are less likely to resist an immediate instructor (Burroughs et al., 1989; Kearney et al., 1991; Kearney, Plax, Smith, & Sorensen, 1988) and one who uses an everyday language style (Alpert, 1991).”

“There is substantial research that has discussed and facilitated further insight into student resistance (Alpert, 1991; Davies, 1994; Furlong, 1991; McFadden, 1995; Willis, 1977).”

“These conversations encompass the issues, questions, concerns, and needs relevant to students (Alpert, 1991; Sizer & Sizer, 1999).”

“Students’ expressions of agency, including acts of resistance to our plans (Alpert, 1991; Giroux, 1983), turned out to be important sources of information in our design process.”

“…which racial and cultural issues are prioritized, and the use of inappropriate instructional methods for students’ learning styles and backgrounds (Alpert, 1991; Brookfield, 2006; Goodman, 2007; Güven, 2004; Field & Olafsen, 1999; Haddad & Lieberman, 2002; Higginbotham, 1996; Leamnson, 1999;…”

“Alpert (1991) mentions reluctant participation such as silence and mumbling as examples of resistance behavior, but argues that conformity can also be a mode of resistance.”

“Student resistance to canonical forms of schooling has also been a subject of study (Alpert, 1991; Erickson, 1984; Fordham, 1993).”

“…more effort, may require students to attempt a task they do not feel efficacious at or see value in, or may be outside of students’ assumptions about teaching and learning (Åkerlind & Trevitt, 1999; Alpert, 1991; Cooper, Ashley, & Brownell, 2017; Keeley, Shemberg, Cowell, & Zinnbauer, 1995).”

“Silence is an effective mean to emasculate a teacher’s power (Alpert 1991; Candela 1999ma).”

“Previous studies have reported that students are less likely to resist immediate, respectful, encouraging, and fair instructors (Alpert, 1991; Burroughs et al., 1989; Chory-Assad & Paulsel, 2004b; Kearney et al., 1991; Kearney, Plax, Richmond, & McCroskey, 1985; Paulsel & Chory-Assad, 2005).”

“Active learning techniques often receive resistance or a negative response from students because of a mismatch with their preferred ways of learning [35]–[40].”

“who use a conversational language style (Alpert, 1991), and those whom they perceive as fair (Chory-Assad & Paulsel, in press-a; Paulsel & ChoryAssad, 2004).”

“Additionally, there are a few studies of student resistance in upper middle class schools ( Alpert, 1991; Spaulding, 1995).”

“Resistance theories perceive students as active agents who construct their meanings of social life, rather than passive recipients of the knowledge and ideologies selected by and legitimated in their schooling (Alpert 1991; Giroux 1983; MacLeod 1987; Munns and McFadden 2000; Willis 1977).”

“The level of student engagement in the classroom is influenced by students’ attitude towards the teaching approach employed (Alpert 1991).”

“She became more frustrated and continued to misbehave in the technical manner noted by Alpert (1991).”

“(Alpert 1991, 359)”

“And see Weis 1990 ; Alpert 1991 ; Foley 1991 ; Mac an Ghaill 1994 , on the dynamics of teachers, teaching and pupils' resistance towards academic learning.”

“…are not the helpless victims of a hidden curriculum, but refuse, reject and resist the demands of school in a myriad of ways: from cheating and committing acts of vandalism to withholding enthusiasm and failing to respond to teachers’ questions (e.g. Alpert, 1991; Anyon, 1981; Högberg, 2011).”

“…although overlapping to some extent, student resistance differs from student misbehaviors and reluctance in that resistance behaviors can be both constructive and destructive to the learning process, whereas misbehaviors and reluctance always threaten learning (Alpert 1991; Kearney et al. 2006).”

“…literature, some undesirable forms of engagement are conceived as resistance, which represents students’ reactions to a school’s attempts at defining them as a person of less worth than others in a way that often results in their exclusion from the path to academic achievement (Alpert, 1991).”

“For example, while studying the discourse patterns in high school English classes Alpert (1987, 1991) found that students were more likely to resist teacher solicitations for them to participate in discussions as opposed to other activities such as reading and homework.”

“…the course or program at school, students perceiving activities as being too difficult or too boring and having activities which they do not like, and students having personal reasons of disliking the teachers, lead to student resistance (Brookfield 1990; Alpert 1991; Pauly 1991; Cusick 1992).”

“Accordingly, in a general context, santri ’ s resistance becomes a form of communication that program providers need to figure out (Bracha Alpert, 1991; J. H. Kim, 2010).”

“Alpert (1991) stated that resistance is used to explain and interpret various behaviors that are indicative of tensions and conflicts between the society and the school to which the students belong.”

“…itself, for example, as goofing off, not learning—a willful refusal to embrace knowledge deemed by the student to be at odds with his/her values questioning teacher authority, arguing, limited classroom participation , or dropping-out (Everhart, 1983; Kohl, 1991; Fine, 1991, 1987; Alpert, 1991).”

“With this in mind, in the next two sections we introduce the classic studies employing reproduction theories (e.g., Althusser 1988; Bourdieu and Passeron 1977; Bowles and Gintis 1976) and resistance theories (e.g., Alpert 1991; Erickson 1984, 1987; Patiño 2007; Willis 1978).”

“McLaren (1985) and Alpert (1991) classi fi ed resistance behaviors as passive and active.”

“…the school and the teacher, refusing to participate in the lesson, leaving questions unanswered consciously, debating with the teacher frequently (Alpert, 1991), shirking his/her duties, speaking negatively against the teacher, behaving in a way to disturb classroom ambiance, regular…”

“According to Alpert (1991, 351), students resist the oppression they experience from the educational system, which ‘ indicates an ideological stand emanating from the perception of schooling as a reproduction process rather than an equalization process ’ .”

“Alpert (1991) ise direnç davranışlarının kaynaklarını; “Ergen kültürünün bileşenleri: Dil ve ilgi alanları (öğretmenin ilgi alanlarını ve kullandığı konuşma dilini öğrencilerin farklı bir biçimde algılaması)”, “Akademik başarı beklentileri (aile ve toplumun akademik başarı için arzuları)”, “Uyum…”

“Chunky, “according to reproduction theorists,” as Alpert (1991) postulates, is expected to “reproduce the ideology of dominant groups in society, their forms of knowledge” (p. 351), carry forward the legacy of the upper caste dominance over the lower castes, and maintain the division of castes in the Indian society, t…”

“When confronted with the dominant and conflicting values, resistance is sometimes used as a coping mechanism by students, as an act of rejection of the school’s attempt of cultural domination (Alpert 1991; Erickson 1984; Giroux 1983).”

“…und vor- 232 ZQF Heft 1‒2/2014, S. 227‒243 gegebenen theoretischen Kategorien, sondern von dem Untersuchungsgegenstand selbst – den tätigkeitsbezogenen Äußerungen und Handlungen der Praktiker während der Ausführung ihrer Interaktions- und Arbeitsaktivitäten – leiten (vgl. Bergmann 2011, S. 396).”