Transition of Civil Law to Public Law: Integration of Modern Punishment Theory in Criminal Apostasy
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This paper aims to analyze the determination of death penalty in apostasy through modern criminal theories and human rights considerations. The approach is used to objectively view the purpose of death penalty on a criminal act in the context of religious freedom. This study is a conceptual study using the library research and descriptive-analytical approach. Based on the analysis of punishment theories, it is found that the determination of the death penalty in apostasy takes a combined pattern of punishment theories: retributive, deterrence, and reformative theories. The combination of these theories leads to an integration, as it does not focus only on the retributive and deterrence aspects, but it also emphasizes on the reformative aspect, as a means of therapy for apostate criminals so they will not repeat the same acts. The integration of the theories seems perfect when accompanied by moral education that can provide “spiritual enlightenment”, so that criminals can be accepted back into the community. The integrity-morality theory or pulse-integrity theory is expected to neutralize the difference in views on the purpose of punishment in Islamic criminal law, which has long been considered not in line with the norms of human rights under the pretext of the sovereign system of the nation-state, where citizenship status is limited by territorial areas. The equality of rights, justice, morality, and individual accountability is a universal principle of the teachings of the Qur’an which inspire the conception of human rights norms by every citizen.AbstrakArtikel ini menganalisis penetapan hukuman mati dalam pidana murtad menggunakan pendekatan teori pemidanaan dan pertimbangan hak asasi manusia. Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk melihat secara objektif tujuan ditetapkan hukuman mati sebagai perbuatan pidana dalam konteks kebebasan beragama. Studi ini merupakan kajian konseptual, dianalisis menggunakan data kepustakaan melalui pendekatan deskriptif-analitis. Berdasarkan analisis teori pemidanan ditemukan bahwa penetapan hukuman mati dalam pidana murtad mengambil pola perpaduan teori pemidanaan; teori retributif,deterrence dan reformatif. Perpaduan ketiga teori melahirkan integritas, tidak terfokus pada aspek retributif dan deterrence, tetapi lebih menekankan pada aspek reformatif, sebagai terapi pelaku kajahatan murtad agar tidak mengulangi perbuatan yang sama. Pengintegrasian ketiga teori ini terlihat sempurna manakala diiringi pendidikan moral yang dapat memberikan “pencerahan spiritual”, sehingga pelaku kejahatan dapat diterima kembali dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Teori integritas-moralitas atau teori integritas-plus diharapkan dapat menetralisir perbedaan pandangan tujuan pemidanaan Islam. Persamaan hak, keadilan, moralitas dan pertanggunjawaban individu merupakan prinsip universal ajaran al-Qur’an menjadi inspirasi lahirnya norma hak asasi manusia setiap warga negara.
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Traditionalists cite the historical implementation of capital punishment across Islamic caliphates and legal schools as confirmation of its legitimacy and necessity for religious cohesion.
“Furthermore, they cite the historical implementation of capital punishment across Islamic caliphates and legal schools as confirmation of its legitimacy and necessity for religious cohesion (Sumardi et al., 2022).”
From APOSTASY PUNISHMENT IN ISLAMIC SCHOLARLY DISCOURSE: PERSPECTIVES AND IMPLICATIONS IN THE MALAYSIAN CONTEXT (2025) · cites this paper as Sumardi et al., 2022
The Legality of Death Penalty section says classical jurists discussed the penalty for apostasy and connected it to protecting morals and government stability. Sanctions for Apostasy and Implications in Human Rights Norms says the penalty was applied in some instances involving opposition to Islamic rule. Neither section says traditionalists cite implementation across caliphates and legal schools as proof of the penalty’s legitimacy or necessity for religious cohesion; the paper instead describes Quranic and Hadith-based justifications. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis institutional preference parallels modern penal theory, which emphasises rehabilitation and social reintegration over retribution, particularly within a human rights framework.
“It also parallels modern penal theory, which emphasises rehabilitation and social reintegration over retribution, particularly within a human rights framework (Sumardi et al., 2022;Nur et al., 2020).”
From APOSTASY PUNISHMENT IN ISLAMIC SCHOLARLY DISCOURSE: PERSPECTIVES AND IMPLICATIONS IN THE MALAYSIAN CONTEXT (2025) · cites this paper as Sumardi et al., 2022
Traditionalist interpretations prioritise textual fidelity and juristic consensus (ijmā'), perceiving apostasy as both theological betrayal and political offence.
“By contrast, traditionalist interpretations continue to prioritise textual fidelity and juristic consensus (ijmā'), perceiving apostasy as both theological betrayal and political offence.”
From APOSTASY PUNISHMENT IN ISLAMIC SCHOLARLY DISCOURSE: PERSPECTIVES AND IMPLICATIONS IN THE MALAYSIAN CONTEXT (2025) · cites this paper as Sumardi et al., 2022
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Research works printed but not linked: 23
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Musa, R., Razali, K., Mohamad Fakhrulrozi, A. S., Ali, M. S., Zulkifli, M. F., & Mohammad Nasir, N. S. (2025) · Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law · doi:10.33102/mjsl.vol13no3.755
- Authors
- Sumardi, D., Umar, M. N., Sangaji, R., Yunus, F. M., & Akbar, R.
- Affiliations
- Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry (ID)
- Institut Agama Islam Negeri Bone (ID)
- Venue
- AHKAM : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah
- Published
- 2022-06-30
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 1412-4734 (ISSN-L)
- 2407-8646
- OpenAlex
- W4285811268
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 15.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- AHKAM Jurnal Ilmu Syariah (publishedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Legal and Policy Analysis in Indonesia
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Law and Policy
- Social Sciences › Law › Religious Freedom and Discrimination
- Keywords
- death penalty, apostasy, Islamic criminal law, philosophy of punishment, retributivism, deterrence theory, human rights, religious freedom, moral education, prisoner reentry, right to equality, individual accountability, Quranic teachings
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