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Popular Ergogenic Drugs and Supplements in Young Athletes

Calfee, Ryan, Fadale, Paul·2006·Pediatrics

DOI 10.1542/peds.2005-1429

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Abstract

Ergogenic drugs are substances that are used to enhance athletic performance. These drugs include illicit substances as well as compounds that are marketed as nutritional supplements. Many such drugs have been used widely by professional and elite athletes for several decades. However, in recent years, research indicates that younger athletes are increasingly experimenting with these drugs to improve both appearance and athletic abilities. Ergogenic drugs that are commonly used by youths today include anabolic-androgenic steroids, steroid precursors (androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone), growth hormone, creatine, and ephedra alkaloids. Reviewing the literature to date, it is clear that children are exposed to these substances at younger ages than in years past, with use starting as early as middle school. Anabolic steroids and creatine do offer potential gains in body mass and strength but risk adverse effects to multiple organ systems. Steroid precursors, growth hormone, and ephedra alkaloids have not been proven to enhance any athletic measures, whereas they do impart many risks to their users. To combat this drug abuse, there have been recent changes in the legal status of several substances, changes in the rules of youth athletics including drug testing of high school students, and educational initiatives designed for the young athlete. This article summarizes the current literature regarding these ergogenic substances and details their use, effects, risks, and legal standing.

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Authors: Calfee, R., & Fadale, P.
Affiliations: Brown University (US)
ORCID: Calfee, Ryan
Fadale, Paul
Venue: Pediatrics
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published: 2006-03-01
Volume: 117
Issue: 3
Pages: e577-e589
ISSN: 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
1098-4275
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-1429
OpenAlex: W2120061101
Cited by: 280
References: 95
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 81.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Pharmacological Effects and Assays
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Keywords: ergogenic aids, performance-enhancing drugs, youth athletes, anabolic steroids, steroid precursors, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, growth hormone, creatine, ephedrine alkaloids, adverse effects, health education
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Affect, Aggression, Creatine, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Doping in Sports, Ephedrine, Humans, Legislation, Drug, Sports Medicine, Illicit Drugs, United States, Substance Abuse Detection, Human Growth Hormone, Dietary Supplements, Anabolic Agents

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