The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predictors of Cognitive Function and Recovery 10 Years After Traumatic Brain Injury in Young Children
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) has implications for functional outcomes, but few studies have documented long-term outcomes. The purpose of this study was to plot recovery of cognitive and functional skills after early childhood TBI to 10 years postinjury and to identify the contribution of injury, environment, preinjury characteristics, and acute functional recovery. METHODS: Subjects were recruited consecutively to this prospective, longitudinal study, which used a between-factor design, with injury severity as the independent variable. Forty children with TBI aged 2 and 7 years were recruited on admission to a tertiary pediatric hospital, divided according to injury severity, and compared with 16 healthy controls acutely and 12 and 30 months and 10 years postinjury. Cognition, adaptive ability, executive function, and social/behavioral skills were examined. RESULTS: Children with severe TBI had poorest outcomes, with deficits greatest for cognition. Recovery trajectories were similar across severity groups but with significant gains in verbal skills from 12 and 30 months to 12 months and 10 years. Predictors of outcome included preinjury ability (for adaptive function) and family function (social/behavioral skills). CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm a high risk of persisting deficits after severe TBI in early childhood. Children with less severe TBI appear to recover to function normally. Contrary to speculation about "growing into deficits," after protracted recovery to 30 months, young children make age-appropriate progress at least to 10 years postinsult. Environmental factors were found to contribute to adaptive and social/behavioral recovery.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The neuroplasticity literature is currently mixed and inconclusive, largely due to similar methodological limitations as those outlined above [41–43].”
In the citing paper
“The low-average mean performance on Fluid Cognition in the sTBI group is typical of previous findings reporting neuropsychological outcomes in pediatric TBI (Anderson et al., 2012; Beauchamp et al., 2011; Catroppa & Anderson, 2003; Treble-Barna et al., 2017b).”
From Evaluating cognitive performance using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognitive Battery in children with traumatic brain injury (2025) · cites this paper as Anderson et al., 2012
Citations
Cites
ASSESSMENT OF COMA AND IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS
Teasdale, G., & Jennett, B. (1974) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91639-0 · Cited by 13,215
Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402680101 · Cited by 5,604
Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
Wechsler, D. (1955) · Psychological Corp. eBooks · Cited by 4,941
Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function
Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. Κ., & Roth, R. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1881-2 · Cited by 1,571
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function
Gioia, G., lsquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t73087-000 · Cited by 914
Functional Plasticity or Vulnerability After Early Brain Injury?
Anderson, V. A., Catroppa, C., Morse, S. A., Haritou, F., & Rosenfeld, J. V. (2005) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1728 · Cited by 596
Self-citationAdaptive Behavior Assessment System
Malatino, K. W. (2018) · The SAGE Encyclopedia of Intellectual and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.4135/9781483392271.n14 · Cited by 553
Short- and long-term social outcomes following pediatric traumatic brain injury
YEATES, K. O., SWIFT, E., TAYLOR, H. G., WADE, S. L., DROTAR, D., STANCIN, T., & MINICH, N. (2004) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617704103093 · Cited by 421
Taylor, H. G., Yeates, K. O., Wade, S. L., Drotar, D., Stancin, T., & Minich, N. M. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.16.1.15 · Cited by 412
Clinical neuropsychology and brain function: Research, measurement, and practice.
(1988) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10063-000 · Cited by 345
Taylor, H. G., Yeates, K. O., Wade, S. L., et al. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.1.15 · Cited by 318
Catroppa, C., Anderson, V., MORSE, S. A., Haritou, F., & Rosenfeld, J. V. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn006 · Cited by 261
Self-citationChildhood brain insult: can age at insult help us predict outcome?
Anderson, V. A., Spencer‐Smith, M. M., Leventer, R., Coleman, L. T., Anderson, P. J., Williams, J., Greenham, M., & Jacobs, R. K. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn293 · Cited by 261
Self-citationYeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Walz, N. C., Stancin, T., & Wade, S. L. (2010) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0018387 · Cited by 260
Age at injury as a predictor of outcome following pediatric head injury: A longitudinal perspective
Anderson, V. A., & MacCuspie-Moore, C. M. (1995) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049508400224 · Cited by 259
Self-citationLong term psychosocial outcomes after mild head injury in early childhood
McKinlay, A. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.73.3.281 · Cited by 240
Giza, C. C., & Prins, M. L. (2006) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000094163 · Cited by 235
Anderson, V. A., Catroppa, C., Dudgeon, P., Morse, S. A., Haritou, F., & Rosenfeld, J. V. (2006) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.1.42 · Cited by 227
Self-citationModeling of Longitudinal Academic Achievement Scores After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury
Ewing‐Cobbs, L., Barnes, M. A., Fletcher, J. M., Levin, H. S., Swank, P. R., & Song, J. (2004) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2004.9651924 · Cited by 226
Long-Term Attention Problems in Children With Traumatic Brain Injury
Yeates, K. O., Armstrong, K., Janusz, J. A., Taylor, H. G., Wade, S. L., Stancin, T., & Drotar, D. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000159947.50523.64 · Cited by 200
Anderson, V. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh320 · Cited by 175
Self-citationIntellectual, Motor, and Language Sequelae Following Closed Head Injury in Infants and Preschoolers
Ewing‐Cobbs, L., Miner, M. E., Fletcher, J. M., & Levin, H. S. (1989) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/14.4.531 · Cited by 166
Language and the young damaged brain.
Dennis, M. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10063-003 · Cited by 155
The epidemiology of paediatric head injuries: Data from a referral centre in Victoria, Australia
Crowe, L. M., Babl, F. E., Anderson, V. A., & Catroppa, C. (2009) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01499.x · Cited by 155
Self-citationPredicting recovery from head injury in young children: A prospective analysis
Anderson, V. A., Morse, S. A., Klug, G. L., Catroppa, C., Haritou, F., Rosenfeld, J. V., & Pentland, L. (1997) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617797005687 · Cited by 141
Self-citationSeverity of pediatric traumatic brain injury and neurobehavioral recovery at one year—A cohort study
Jaffe, K. M., Fay, G. C., Polissar, N. L., Martin, K. M., Shurtleff, H. A., Rivara, J. B., & Winn, H. R. (1993) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/0003-9993(93)90156-5 · Cited by 137
Nasreddine, Z. S., Loginov, M., Clark, L. N., Lamarche, J. B., Miller, B. L., Lamontagne, A., Zhukareva, V. A., Lee, V. M. ‐., Wilhelmsen, K. C., & Geschwind, D. H. (1999) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(199906)45:6 · Cited by 135
Intellectual Outcome from Preschool Traumatic Brain Injury: A 5-Year Prospective, Longitudinal Study
Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., Morse, S. A., Haritou, F., & Rosenfeld, J. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0365 · Cited by 134
Self-citationHippocampal volumetrics in depression: The importance of the posterior tail
Maller, J. J., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2007) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20339 · Cited by 115
Modeling of Longitudinal Academic Achievement Scores After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury
Ewing‐Cobbs, L., Barnes, M. A., Fletcher, J. M., et al. (2004) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2501&2_7 · Cited by 92
Neuropsychology, A Clinical Approach
Benson, D. F. (1979) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.29.6.915 · Cited by 89
Long-Term Educational Interventions After Traumatic Brain Injury in Children.
Taylor, H. G., Yeates, K. O., Wade, S. L., Drotar, D., Stancin, T., & Montpetite, M. M. (2003) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.48.4.227 · Cited by 60
Benz, B., Ritz, A., & Kiesow, S. (1999) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-1999-00075 · Cited by 42
(1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.1.208 · Cited by 24
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Daniel, 1983, Power, Privilege and Prestige: Occupations in Australia
- Sparrow, 1984, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Interview Edition. Survey Form Manual
- Bayley, 1969, Bayley Scales of Infant Development: Birth to Two Years
- Wechsler, 1989, Manual for the Preschool and Primary Intelligence Scale—Revised
- Wechsler, 1991, Manual for the Wechsler Scale of Children’s Intelligence—III
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sariaslan, A., Sharp, D. J., D’Onofrio, B. M., Larsson, H., & Fazel, S. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002103 · Cited by 262
Puthanakit, T., Ananworanich, J., Saphonn, V., Kosalaraksa, P., Hansudewechakul, R., van der Lugt, J., Kerr, S. J., Kanjanavanit, S., Ngampiyaskul, C., Wongsawat, J., et al. (2012) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e31827fb19d · Cited by 148
“Deficits associated with damage to these areas may only be identified in late adolescents and young adulthood when the functions associated with the prefrontal lobes become critical for optimal functioning, also known as growing into a deficit.(28) Low socioeconomic status could further impedes their success, as this…”
BackgroundLind, K., Touré, H., Brugel, D., Meyer, P. G., Laurent‐Vannier, A., & Chevignard, M. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.08.001 · Cited by 112
The Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury Among Young Offenders in Custody
Hughes, N., Williams, W. H., Chitsabesan, P., Walesby, R., Mounce, L. T. A., & Clasby, B. (2015) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000124 · Cited by 100
Social dysfunction after pediatric traumatic brain injury: A translational perspective
Ryan, N. P., Catroppa, C., Godfrey, C., Noble‐Haeusslein, L. J., Shultz, S. R., O'Brien, T. J., Anderson, V. A., & Semple, B. D. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.020 · Cited by 102
“An enriching environment is important for optimal development for children (Belsky and de Haan, 2011), and evidence shows that the quality of the environment may play an even greater role in the context of recovery from early brain insult (Anderson et al., 2012; Giza et al., 2005; Greenough et al., 1987).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Anderson, V., Godfrey, C., Rosenfeld, J. V., & Catroppa, C.
- Affiliations
- Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute (AU)
- The Alfred Hospital (AU)
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2012-02-01
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e254-e261
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2162200017
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 14.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, pediatric brain injury, long-term outcomes, cognitive recovery, injury severity, adaptive function, executive function, family functions, verbal ability, recovery trajectories
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Cognition Disorders, Disability Evaluation, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Intelligence, Language Development Disorders, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Social Environment, Glasgow Coma Scale, Parenting, Brain Injury, Chronic, Family Conflict, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
