The DOI matches its Crossref record; 268 of the 273 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media
Abstract
This evidence-based clinical practice guideline is a revision of the 2004 acute otitis media (AOM) guideline from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians. It provides recommendations to primary care clinicians for the management of children from 6 months through 12 years of age with uncomplicated AOM. In 2009, the AAP convened a committee composed of primary care physicians and experts in the fields of pediatrics, family practice, otolaryngology, epidemiology, infectious disease, emergency medicine, and guideline methodology. The subcommittee partnered with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Southern California Evidence-Based Practice Center to develop a comprehensive review of the new literature related to AOM since the initial evidence report of 2000. The resulting evidence report and other sources of data were used to formulate the practice guideline recommendations. The focus of this practice guideline is the appropriate diagnosis and initial treatment of a child presenting with AOM. The guideline provides a specific, stringent definition of AOM. It addresses pain management, initial observation versus antibiotic treatment, appropriate choices of antibiotic agents, and preventive measures. It also addresses recurrent AOM, which was not included in the 2004 guideline. Decisions were made on the basis of a systematic grading of the quality of evidence and benefit-harm relationships. The practice guideline underwent comprehensive peer review before formal approval by the AAP. This clinical practice guideline is not intended as a sole source of guidance in the management of children with AOM. Rather, it is intended to assist primary care clinicians by providing a framework for clinical decision-making. It is not intended to replace clinical judgment or establish a protocol for all children with this condition. These recommendations may not provide the only appropriate approach to the management of this problem.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Cites a retracted work: 10.1002/14651858.cd004741.pub2
InfoThe cited work was retracted on 2018-04-06 (notice 10.1002/14651858.cd004741.pub3), not before this paper was published (2013-03-01).
Cited work 10.1002/14651858.cd004741.pub2 · retracted 2018-04-06 · notice 10.1002/14651858.cd004741.pub3 · this paper published 2013-03-01
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Items 201–268 of 268
Viral and bacterial interaction in acute otitis media
Chonmaitree, T. (2000) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-200005001-00005 · Cited by 55
Self-citationRelationship of Passive Cigarette Smoking to Otitis Media
Ilicali, Ö. C., Keleş, N., Değer, K., et al. (1999) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archotol.125.7.758 · Cited by 54
Association of human metapneumovirus with acute otitis media
Williams, J. V., Tollefson, S. J., Nair, S., et al. (2006) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.12.007 · Cited by 54
Self-citationA Prospective Observational Study of 5‐, 7‐, and 10‐day Antibiotic Treatment for Acute Otitis Media
Pichichero, M. E., Marsocci, S. M., Murphy, M. L., et al. (2001) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1067/mhn.2001.114311 · Cited by 54
Bolt, P., Barnett, P. L. J., Babl, F. E., et al. (2007) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2006.110429 · Cited by 54
Schwartz, R. H., Stool, S. E., Rodriguez, W. J., et al. (1981) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/000992288102000901 · Cited by 54
Self-citationShaikh, N., Hoberman, A., Paradise, J. L., Wald, E. R., Switze, G. E., Kurs‐Lasky, M., Colborn, D. K., Kearney, D. H., & Zoffel, L. M. (2008) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e318185a387 · Cited by 53
Self-citationPichichero, M. E., & Casey, J. R. (2007) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e318154b25d · Cited by 52
Acute otitis media: more trouble with the evidence
Wald, E. R. (2003) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000050363.97163.d8 · Cited by 49
Is Bilateral Acute Otitis Media Clinically Different Than Unilateral Acute Otitis Media?
Leibovitz, E., Asher, E., Piglansky, L., et al. (2007) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e318060cc19 · Cited by 48
Failure of Xylitol Given Three Times a Day for Preventing Acute Otitis Media
Hautalahti, O., Renko, M., Tapiainen, T., et al. (2007) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000259956.21859.dd · Cited by 48
Development of a Practical Tool for Assessing the Severity of Acute Otitis Media
Friedman, N. R., McCormick, D. P., Pittman, C., et al. (2006) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000199290.73333.89 · Cited by 47
Self-citationPediatric Mastoiditis in the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era
Roddy, M. G., Glazier, S., & Agrawal, D. (2007) · Pediatric Emergency Care · doi:10.1097/pec.0b013e31815a0001 · Cited by 47
Brown, C. E., & Magnuson, B. (2000) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5876(00)00330-x · Cited by 45
Observation option toolkit for acute otitis media
Rosenfeld, R. M. (2001) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5876(01)00421-9 · Cited by 45
Self-citationFactors associated with acute respiratory illness in day care children
Hatakka, K., Piirainen, L., Pohjavuori, S., Poussa, T. A., Savilahti, E., & Korpela, R. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3109/00365548.2010.483476 · Cited by 44
Arguedas, A. G., Dagan, R., Pichichero, M. E., et al. (2006) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000246828.13834.f9 · Cited by 44
The Relationship Between Acute Mastoiditis and Antibiotic Use for Acute Otitis Media in Children
Ho, D. J., Rotenberg, B. W., & Berkowitz, R. G. (2008) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archotol.134.1.45 · Cited by 43
Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2011–2012
Committee on Infectious Diseases (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2295 · Cited by 43
Noel, G. J., Blumer, J. L., Pichichero, M. E., et al. (2008) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e318168d2cb · Cited by 42
Self-citationAcute otitis media—a brief explanation to parents and antibiotic use
Pshetizky, Y., Naimer, S. A., & Shvartzman, P. (2003) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmg414 · Cited by 42
Arguedas, A. G., Dagan, R., Leibovitz, E., et al. (2006) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000202138.12950.3c · Cited by 41
Self-citationLaterality of Acute Otitis Media: Different Clinical and Microbiologic Characteristics
McCormick, D. P., Chandler, S. M., & Chonmaitree, T. (2007) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e31803dd380 · Cited by 40
Self-citationPrevention of otitis media: Now a reality?
Schuerman, L., Borys, D., Hoet, B., et al. (2009) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.070 · Cited by 38
The management of acute otitis media
Marcy, M., Takata, G. S., Chan, L. S., Shekelle, P., Mason, W. H., Wachsman, L., Ernst, R., Hay, J. W., Corley, P. M., Morphew, T. L., et al. (1984) · Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin · doi:10.1136/dtb.22.14.53 · Cited by 38
Koopman, L., Hoes, A. W., Glasziou, P., Appelman, C. L., Burke, P., McCormick, D. P., Damoiseaux, R. A. M. J., Saux, N. L., & Rovers, M. M. (2008) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archoto.2007.3 · Cited by 36
Fonacier, L. S., Hirschberg, R., & Gerson, S. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 36
Pessey, J. J., Géhanno, P., Thoroddsen, E., et al. (1999) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-199910000-00004 · Cited by 35
ACUTE OTALGIA IN CHILDREN ‐ FINDINGS AND DIAGNOSIS
Ingvarsson, L. B. (1982) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1982.tb09507.x · Cited by 35
Witsell, D. L., Stewart, M. G., Monsell, E. M., et al. (2005) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2004.11.004 · Cited by 35
Self-citationAbnormal tympanography after supine bottle feeding
Tully, S. B., Bar-Haim, Y., & Bradley, R. L. (1995) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(95)90249-x · Cited by 34
How to compare the efficacy of conjugate vaccines to prevent acute otitis media?
Wals, P. D., Erickson, L. J., Poirier, B., Pépin, J., & Pichichero, M. E. (2009) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.102 · Cited by 34
Studies of the aetiology of acute otitis media
Nielsen, J. C., & Calvert, W. E. (1945) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 34
Critchley, I. A., Jacobs, M. R., Brown, S. D., et al. (2008) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00310-08 · Cited by 34
Systemic antibiotics for treatment of the conjunctivitis-otitis media syndrome.
Bodor, F. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 34
Medical Education and Attitudes About Acute Otitis Media Guidelines
Marchisio, P., Mira, E., Klersy, C., et al. (2008) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e318184ef02 · Cited by 33
Antimicrobial prophylaxis for infants at risk for recurrent acute otitis media
Teele, D. W., Klein, J. O., Word, B. M., et al. (2000) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00293-0 · Cited by 33
Kaleida, P. H., Ploof, D. L., Kurs‐Lasky, M., et al. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2838 · Cited by 32
Self-citationDiagnosing Otitis Media — Otoscopy and Cerumen Removal
Shaikh, N., Hoberman, A., Kaleida, P. H., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmvcm0904397 · Cited by 32
Self-citationXylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
Azarpazhooh, A., Limeback, H., Lawrence, H. P., et al. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007095.pub2 · Cited by 30
Schwartz, R. H. (2000) · Current Therapeutic Research · doi:10.1016/s0011-393x(00)80039-9 · Cited by 29
Self-citationHoberman, A., Paradise, J. L., Shaikh, N., et al. (2010) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922810384259 · Cited by 29
Self-citationDefinitions, Terminology, and Classification
Goycoolea, M. V., da Costa, S. S., de Souza, C., et al. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40949-3_1 · Cited by 28
Shin, J. J., Piccirillo, J. F., Randolph, G. W., et al. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49979-6 · Cited by 26
Challenges of evaluating homeopathic treatment of acute otitis media
Barnett, E. D., Levatin, J. L., Chapman, E. H., et al. (2000) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-200004000-00001 · Cited by 26
Bacterial etiology of acute myringitis in children less than two years of age
PALMU, A. A. I., Kotikoski, M. J., Kaijalainen, T., et al. (2001) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-200106000-00012 · Cited by 25
Evaluation of phenoxymethylpenicillin treatment of acute otitis media in children aged 2–16
Neumark, T., Mölstad, S., Rosén, C., et al. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/02813430701267405 · Cited by 25
Microbiology of Acute Otitis Media, Puget Sound Region, 2005-2009
Grubb, M. S., & Spaugh, D. C. (2010) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922810361365 · Cited by 24
Steele, R. W., Russo, T. M., & Thomas, M. P. (2006) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/000992280604500306 · Cited by 24
Six Sigma tympanostomy tube insertion: Achieving the highest safety levels during residency training
Isaacson, G. C. (2008) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2008.06.012 · Cited by 23
Otolaryngologists' perceptions of the indications for tympanostomy tube insertion in children.
McIsaac, W. J., Coyte, P. C., Croxford, R., et al. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 23
Acute Otitis Media Is Not a Pure Bacterial Disease
Chonmaitree, T. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/509329 · Cited by 22
Self-citationManagement of Acute Otitis Media: update.
Shekelle, P., Takata, G. S., Newberry, S. J., et al. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 21
Jacobs, M. R. (2002) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2002.125730 · Cited by 16
Nasopharyngeal pathogens in children with acute otitis media in a low-antibiotic use country
Nielsen, H. U., Konradsen, H. B., Lous, J., et al. (2004) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2004.04.008 · Cited by 14
Adam, D., Federspil, P., Lukeš, M., et al. (2011) · Arzneimittelforschung · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1296434 · Cited by 14
Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children1
Middel, B. J. (2008) · Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Evidence Based Practice · doi:10.1007/bf03077188 · Cited by 14
Pacifier as a Risk Factor for Acute Otitis Media
Wellington, M. A., & Hall, C. B. (2002) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.109.2.351 · Cited by 13
Antibiotics for acute otitis media: an individual patient data meta-analysis
Hoes, A. W., & Rovers, M. M. (2004) · Cited by 10
Preventing Otitis Media: Medical Approaches
Adderson, E. E. (1998) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0090-4481-19980201-08 · Cited by 9
Prospects for Prevention of Otitis Media
Pelton, S. I. (2007) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e318154b287 · Cited by 7
Use of the Observation Option and Compliance with Guidelines in Treatment of Acute Otitis Media
Arkins, E. R., & Koehler, J. M. (2008) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1h433 · Cited by 7
Longwill, J. (2008) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp08x280272 · Cited by 6
Humphrey, W. R., Shattuck, M. H., Zielinski, R. J., et al. (2003) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.47.4.1355-1363.2003 · Cited by 6
Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media
Block, S. L., Block, S. L., & Harrison, C. J. (2001) · Cited by 6
Otitis media: prevention instead of prescription
Kerstein, R. L. (2008) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp08x280281 · Cited by 3
Pediatric Recurrent Acute Otitis Media
Shin, J. J., Stinnett, S. S., & Hartnick, C. J. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49979-6_6 · Cited by 2
Klein, J. O., & Bluestone, C. D. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4044-6.50024-8 · Cited by 2
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 273 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 20
- Bluestone, 2003, Definitions, terminology, and classification, 120
- Rosenfeld, 2003, Clinical pathway for acute otitis media, 280
- Carlson, 2003, Diagnosis, 136
- Bluestone, 2007, Diagnosis, 147
- University of Oxford, Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. Available at: www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=1044. Accessed July 17, 2012
- Rosenfeld, 2004, Antibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent acute otitis media
- Paradise, 1993, Otitis media with effusion: highly prevalent and often the forerunner of acute otitis media during the first year of life, Pediatr Res, 33, 121A
- Innovative Medical Education, 2000, A View Through the Otoscope: Distinguishing Acute Otitis Media from Otitis Media with Effusion
- Schechter, 1993, Management of pain associated with acute medical illness, 537
- Rosenfeld, 2003, Clinical efficacy of surgical therapy, 227
- Burke, 1991, Acute red ear in children: controlled trial of nonantibiotic treatment in children: controlled trial of nonantibiotic treatment in general practice, BMJ, 303, 558, 10.1136/bmj.303.6802.558 · DOI
- Shaikh, 2009, Responsiveness and construct validity of a symptom scale for acute otitis media, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 28, 9, 10.1097/inf.0b013e318185a3a0 · DOI
- Bluestone, 2007, Microbiology, 101
- Rosenfeld, 2003, Natural history of untreated otitis media, 180
- Howie, 1971, Simultaneous nasopharyngeal and middle ear exudate culture in otitis media, Pediatr Digest, 13, 31
- Casselbrandt, 2004, Ventilation tubes for recurrent acute otitis media, 113
- El-Sayed, 1996, Treatment of recurrent acute otitis media chemoprophylaxis versus ventilation tubes, Aust J Otolaryngol, 2, 352
- Grijalva, 2006, National impact of universal childhood immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on otitis media, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 118, 865
- De Wals, 2009, How to compare the efficacy of conjugate vaccines to prevent acute otitis media?, Vaccine, 27, 2877, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.102 · DOI
- O’Brien, 2009, New vaccines against otitis media: projected benefits and cost-effectiveness, Pediatrics, 123, 1452, 10.1542/peds.2008-1482 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Clinical Practice Guideline: Otitis Media with Effusion (Update)
Rosenfeld, R. M., Shin, J. J., Schwartz, S. R., Coggins, R., Gagnon, L., Hackell, J. M., Hoelting, D., Hunter, L. L., Kummer, A. W., Payne, S. C., et al. (2016) · Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1177/0194599815623467 · Cited by 2,006
Self-citationClinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Bronchiolitis
Ralston, S. L., Lieberthal, A. S., Meissner, H. C., Alverson, B. K., Baley, J. E., Gadomski, A., Johnson, D. W., Light, M. J., Maraqa, N., Mendonça, E. A., et al. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2742 · Cited by 1,731
Self-citationMiller, J. M., Binnicker, M. J., Campbell, S., Carroll, K. C., Chapin, K. C., Gilligan, P. H., Gonzalez, M. D., Jerris, R. C., Kehl, S. C., Patel, R., et al. (2018) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciy381 · Cited by 641
Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children
Venekamp, R. P., Sanders, S., Glasziou, P., Mar, C. D., & Rovers, M. M. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000219.pub4 · Cited by 619
Core elements of outpatient antibiotic stewardship.
Sanchez, G. V., Fleming-Dutra, K. E., Roberts, R. M., & Hicks, L. A. (2016) · MMWR. Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6506a1 · Cited by 607
Metadata
- Authors
- Lieberthal, A. S., Carroll, A. E., Chonmaitree, T., Ganiats, T. G., Hoberman, A., Jackson, M. A., Joffe, M. D., Miller, D. T., Rosenfeld, R. M., Sevilla, X. D., Schwartz, R. H., Thomas, P. A., & Tunkel, D. E.
- Affiliations
- American Academy of Family Physicians (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2013-03-01
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e964-e999
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2150500774
- Semantic Scholar
- 4a6a7f55f9b78a07b0790479d70008831177f3f6
- Cited by
- 1,442
- References
- 273
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 125 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 109 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 42
- FWCI
- 87.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Ear Surgery and Otitis Media
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Otolaryngology and Infectious Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
- Keywords
- acute otitis media, pediatric otitis media, diagnosis, initial treatment, antibiotic therapy, pain management, recurrent otitis media, prevention, children, primary care management
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Amoxicillin, Humans, Otitis Media, Tympanic Membrane, Disease Management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review