The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Patterns of Comorbidity Among Girls With ADHD: A Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Although children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at elevated risk for comorbid psychopathology, the clinical correlates of ADHD in girls are far less understood relative to boys, despite ADHD being one of the most common childhood disorders in girls. OBJECTIVE: To meta-analytically summarize rates of comorbid internalizing (anxiety, depression) and externalizing (oppositional defiant disorder [ODD], conduct disorder [CD]) psychopathology among girls with and without ADHD. DATA SOURCES: Literature searches (PubMed, Google Scholar) identified published studies examining comorbid psychopathology in girls with and without ADHD. STUDY SELECTION: Eighteen studies (1997 participants) met inclusion criteria and had sufficient data for the meta-analysis. DATA EXTRACTION: Odds ratios for each comorbid disorder were calculated from available data. Demographic (eg, age, race/ethnicity) and study characteristics (eg, referral source, diagnostic method) were also coded. RESULTS: Compared with girls without ADHD, girls with ADHD were significantly more likely to meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for each comorbid disorder assessed. Relative odds were higher for externalizing (ODD: 5.6×; CD: 9.4×) relative to internalizing disorders (anxiety: 3.2×; depression: 4.2×). Meta-regression revealed larger effect sizes of ADHD on anxiety for studies using multiple diagnostic methods, featuring younger children, and including clinic-referred (versus community-referred) girls; the effect of ADHD on ODD varied based on diagnostic informant. LIMITATIONS: Findings were derived from cross-sectional studies, precluding causal inferences. CONCLUSIONS: Girls with ADHD frequently exhibit comorbid externalizing and internalizing disorders. We discuss future research priorities and consider intervention implications for ADHD and comorbid psychopathology in girls.
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“Recent research has established that girls with ADHD are more likely than boys to have a comorbid internalizing condition like anxiety or depression.21”
From Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
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Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, S. C. O. Q. I. A. M. (2011) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2654 · Cited by 2,185
Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., Newcorn, J. H., Gignac, M., Al Saud, N. M., Manor, I., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022 · Cited by 1,545
“…disorder, autism spectrum disorders, anxiety disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, eating disorders, and substance use disorders (Bernardi et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2018c; Groenman et al., 2017; Nazar et al., 2016; Solberg et al., 2018; Tung et al., 2016; Yao et al., 2019).”
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Sex differences in the developing brain: insights from multimodal neuroimaging
Kaczkurkin, A. N., Raznahan, A., & Satterthwaite, T. D. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0111-z · Cited by 403
Hinshaw, S. P., Nguyen, P. T., O’Grady, S. M., & Rosenthal, E. A. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13480 · Cited by 424
Metadata
- Authors
- Tung, I., Li, J. J., Meza, J. I., Jezior, K. L., Kianmahd, J. S. V., Hentschel, P. G., O’Neil, P. M., & Lee, S. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Steve S.
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2016-10-01
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 4
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC9923580
- OpenAlex
- W2522647067
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, girls, comorbidities, internalizing disorders, anxiety, depression, externalizing disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, clinic-referred children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Female, Humans, Psychopathology, Comorbidity, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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