The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Association Between COVID-19 and Myocarditis Using Hospital-Based Administrative Data — United States, March 2020–January 2021
Open accessAbstract
Viral infections are a common cause of myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium) that can result in hospitalization, heart failure, and sudden death (1). Emerging data suggest an association between COVID-19 and myocarditis (2-5). CDC assessed this association using a large, U.S. hospital-based administrative database of health care encounters from >900 hospitals. Myocarditis inpatient encounters were 42.3% higher in 2020 than in 2019. During March 2020-January 2021, the period that coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, the risk for myocarditis was 0.146% among patients diagnosed with COVID-19 during an inpatient or hospital-based outpatient encounter and 0.009% among patients who were not diagnosed with COVID-19. After adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics, patients with COVID-19 during March 2020-January 2021 had, on average, 15.7 times the risk for myocarditis compared with those without COVID-19 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.1-17.2); by age, risk ratios ranged from approximately 7.0 for patients aged 16-39 years to >30.0 for patients aged <16 years or ≥75 years. Overall, myocarditis was uncommon among persons with and without COVID-19; however, COVID-19 was significantly associated with an increased risk for myocarditis, with risk varying by age group. These findings underscore the importance of implementing evidence-based COVID-19 prevention strategies, including vaccination, to reduce the public health impact of COVID-19 and its associated complications.
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“with COVID ranging from 150 to 4000 cases/100 000 individuals”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [85]
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“The overall incidence of myocarditis in the United States from SARSCoV-2 infection has been estimated in a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at around 150 cases/100 000 versus 9 cases/100 000 individuals in non-COVID cases during the same time period (Table 1).”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [85]
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Citations
Cites
Safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Setting
Barda, N., Dagan, N., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Kepten, E., Waxman, J., Ohana, R., Hernán, M. A., Lipsitch, M., Kohane, I., Netzer, D., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2110475 · Cited by 1,027
Viral myocarditis—diagnosis, treatment options, and current controversies
Pollack, A., Kontorovich, A. R., Fuster, V., & Dec, G. W. (2015) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2015.108 · Cited by 657
Gargano, J. W., Wallace, M., Hadler, S. C., Langley, G., Su, J. R., Oster, M. E., Broder, K. R., Gee, J., Weintraub, E., Shimabukuro, T., et al. (2021) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2 · Cited by 587
Self-citationRisk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study
Daugherty, S. E., Guo, Y., Heath, K., Dasmariñas, M. C., Jubilo, K. G., Samranvedhya, J., Lipsitch, M., & Cohen, K. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1098 · Cited by 437
Computing Adjusted Risk Ratios and Risk Differences in Stata
Norton, E. C., Miller, M. M., & Kleinman, L. C. (2013) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x1301300304 · Cited by 299
Kleinman, L. C., & Norton, E. C. (2008) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2008.00900.x · Cited by 287
Rathore, S. S., Rojas, G. A., Sondhi, M., Pothuru, S., Pydi, R., Kancherla, N., Singh, R., Ahmed, N. K., Shah, J., Tousif, S., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14470 · Cited by 83
Diagnosis-wide analysis of COVID-19 complications: an exposure-crossover study
Murk, W. K., Gierada, M., Fralick, M., Weckstein, A. R., Klesh, R., & Rassen, J. A. (2020) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.201686 · Cited by 64
Most, Z. M., HENDREN, N. S., Drazner, M. H., & Perl, T. M. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.050166 · Cited by 49
Differences Between Pediatric Acute Myocarditis Related and Unrelated to SARS-CoV-2
Vukomanovic, V. A., Krasić, S., Prijić, S., Ninić, S., Minic, P. B., Petrović, G., & Nešić, D. (2021) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000003094 · Cited by 28
Cited by
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Oster, M. E., Shay, D. K., Su, J. R., Gee, J. M., Creech, C. B., Broder, K. R., Edwards, K. M., Soslow, J. H., Dendy, J. M., Schlaudecker, E. P., et al. (2022) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2021.24110 · Cited by 686
Self-citation2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of myocarditis and pericarditis
Schulz‐Menger, J., Collini, V., Gröschel, J., Adler, Y., Brucato, A. L., Christian, V., Ferreira, V. M., Gandjbakhch, E., Heidecker, B., Kernéis, M., et al. (2025) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf192 · Cited by 563
Gluckman, T. J., Bhave, N. M., Allen, L. A., Chung, E. H., Spatz, E. S., Ammirati, E., Baggish, A. L., Bozkurt, B., Cornwell, W. K., Harmon, K. G., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.003 · Cited by 431
COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis
Fairweather, D., Beetler, D. J., Di Florio, D. N., Musigk, N., Heidecker, B., & Cooper, L. T. (2023) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.123.321878 · Cited by 194
Ling, R. R., Ramanathan, K. R., Tan, F. L., Tai, B. C., Somani, J., Fisher, D. A., & MacLaren, G. (2022) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00059-5 · Cited by 168
Metadata
- Authors
- Boehmer, T. K., Kompaniyets, L., Lavery, A. M., Hsu, J., Ko, J. Y., Yusuf, H., Romano, S. D., Gundlapalli, A. V., Oster, M. E., & Harris, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boehmer, Tegan K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
- Published
- 2021-09-03
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 35
- Pages
- 1228-1232
- ISSN
- 0149-2195 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-861X
- PMC
- PMC8422872
- OpenAlex
- W3197576044
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 19
- FWCI
- 42.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Kawasaki Disease and Coronary Complications
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, myocarditis, SARS-CoV-2, hospitalization, COVID-19 prevention, COVID-19 vaccination
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Medical Records, Middle Aged, Myocarditis, Risk Factors, United States, Databases, Factual, Risk Assessment, Young Adult
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