COVID-19–Related School Closures and Learning Modality Changes — United States, August 1–September 17, 2021
Open accessAbstract
Beginning in January 2021, the U.S. government prioritized ensuring continuity of learning for all students during the COVID-19 pandemic (1). To estimate the extent of COVID-19-associated school disruptions, CDC and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory used a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) (2) statistical approach to estimate the most likely actual learning modality based on patterns observed in past data, accounting for conflicting or missing information and systematic Internet searches (3) for COVID-19-related school closures. This information was used to assess how many U.S. schools were open, and in which learning modalities, during August 1-September 17, 2021. Learning modalities included 1) full in-person learning, 2) a hybrid of in-person and remote learning, and 3) full remote learning.
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Indirect benefits of vaccination include the likelihood of reduced transmission in the home and school settings, including transmission affecting vulnerable persons, and safer in-person learning.
“Indirect benefits include the likelihood of reduced transmission in the home and in school settings, including transmission affecting vulnerable persons, and safer in-person learning.26-29”
From Evaluation of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Children 5 to 11 Years of Age (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
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References 2 · Cited by 44
- Authors
- Parks, S. E., Zviedrite, N., Budzyn, S. E., Panaggio, M. J., Raible, E., Papazian, M., Magid, J., Ahmed, F., Uzicanin, A., & Barrios, L. C.
- Affiliations
- Booz Allen Hamilton (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Parks, Sharyn E.
- Venue
- MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
- Published
- 2021-10-01
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 39
- Pages
- 1374-1376
- ISSN
- 0149-2195 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-861X
- PMC
- PMC8486392
- OpenAlex
- W3203876248
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 14.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Education during COVID-19 pandemic
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › COVID-19 and healthcare impacts
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, school closures, learning modalities, distance education, hybrid learning, in-person learning, school reopening, educational continuity, school attendance, United States
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Education, Humans, Schools, United States, Education, Distance
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