The relationship between the deep squat movement and the hip, knee and ankle range of motion and muscle strength
Open accessAbstract
[Purpose] We examined and clarified the relationship between the maximum squat depth and the range of motion of the ankle, knee, and hip joints, and the knee and hip muscle strength. [Participants and Methods] Nine healthy males participated in this study and performed a deep squat with the upper extremities raised; the movement was analyzed by two-dimensional motion analysis. We measured the ankle dorsiflexion, hip flexion, and knee flexion ranges of motion, as well as the knee extension and hip flexion muscle strengths and analyzed the relationship between the squatting motion, the range of motion, and the muscle strength of each joint. [Results] The right ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was a significant predictor of the ankle dorsiflexion angle on both sides. The right knee flexion range of motion was a significant predictor of the knee flexion angle, and the left knee flexion range of motion was a significant predictor of the trunk anterior tilt angle on both sides. The right ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was a significant predictor of the right hip flexion angle and vice versa. [Conclusion] This study reveals that movement on one side affects contralateral movement, which is important when evaluating the deep squat motion as a functional test.
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Endo et al. found no significant differences between the two sides in ankle, knee and hip kinematics during the squat.
“For the sagittal plane analysis, the right lower limb was selected for all participants, based on Endo et al. [39], who found no significant differences between the two sides in ankle, knee and hip kinematics during the squat.”
From Intra-Rater and Test–Retest Reliability of Kinovea for the Kinematic Analysis of Squatting in Healthy Active Women (2026) · cites this paper as Endo et al. [39]
The Results (Table 1; page unavailable) report right- and left-side ankle, knee, and hip angles at maximum squat depth. However, the Methods describe correlation testing, and our copy does not report a statistical comparison between sides. The similar reported angles therefore do not establish the claimed absence of significant differences. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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References 18 · Cited by 29
Research works printed but not linked: 16
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- Authors
- Endo, Y., Miura, M., & Sakamoto, M.
- Affiliations
- Sendai Seiyo Gakuin College (JP)
- Gunma University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Endo, Yasuhiro
- Venue
- Journal of Physical Therapy Science
- Publisher
- Society of Physical Therapy Science
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 391-394
- ISSN
- 0915-5287 (ISSN-L)
- 2187-5626
- PMC
- PMC7276781
- OpenAlex
- W3028771253
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journal of Physical Therapy Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19K20000)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Keywords
- deep squat, squat depth, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, knee flexion range of motion, hip flexion range of motion, contralateral movement, functional movement assessment, two-dimensional motion analysis
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