Hypogonadism after traumatic brain injury
Open accessAbstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of death and disability in young adults. Post-TBI neuroendocrine disorders have been increasingly acknowledged in recent years due to their potential contribution to morbidity and, probably, to mortality after trauma. Marked alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis during the post-TBI acute and chronic phases have been reported. Prospective and longitudinal studies have shown that some abnormalities are transitory. On the other hand, there is a high frequency (15% to 68%) of pituitary hormone deficiency among TBI survivors in a long term setting. Post-TBI hypogonadism is a common finding after cranial trauma, and it is predicted to develop in 16% of the survivors in the long term. Post-TBI hypogonadism has been associated with adverse results in the acute and chronic phases after injury. These data reinforce the need for identification of hormonal deficiencies and their proper treatment, in order to optimize patient recovery, improve their life quality, and avoid the negative consequences of non-treated hypogonadism in the long term.
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Most investigations have not found a significant association between gonadotropin deficiency and TBI severity, GCS scores, or CT findings.
“Reported prevalence varies across studies, and most investigations have not found a significant association between gonadotropin deficiency and TBI severity, GCS scores, or CT findings [38,39].”
From Endocrine Dysfunctions After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Present Insights and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
In “Pituitary evaluation: who and when?” (page not provided), the review says several studies could not correlate lower GCS scores with hypogonadism. It does not establish that most investigations found no association with gonadotropin deficiency, TBI severity, or CT findings; its “Acute phase” section describes conflicting findings on injury severity. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHypogonadism prevalence appears lower in pediatric populations, typically transient, reported in approximately 4-9% of cases, compared to prevalence rates of up to 29% in adult cohorts.
“However, its prevalence appears to be lower in pediatric populations, where hypogonadism—typically transient—has been reported in approximately 4–9% of cases, compared to prevalence rates of up to 29% in adult cohorts [16,38,39].”
From Endocrine Dysfunctions After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Present Insights and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
The ‘Pituitary evaluation: Who and when?’ section says temporary, mild post-TBI hypogonadism can resolve after several months, but does not establish that pediatric cases are typically transient. The chronic-phase table reports gonadotropin-deficiency rates in TBI cohorts, including 32%, but the passages do not report a pediatric rate of 4–9% or an adult upper rate of 29%. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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References 93 · Cited by 35
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Cyran E. Hypophysenschädigung durch Schädelbasisfraktur. Dts- ch Med Wochenschr. 1918;44(45):1261.
- Escamilla RF, Lisser, H. Simmonds disease. J Clin Endocrinol. 1942;2(2):65-96.
- Thurman DJ, Alverson C, Dunn KA, Guerrero J, Sniezek JE. Trau- matic brain injury in the United States: A public health perspecti- ve. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999;14(6):602-15.
- Authors
- Hohl, A., Mazzuco, T. L., Coral, M. H. C., Schwarzbold, M., & Walz, R.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (BR)
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- Venue
- Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
- Publisher
- FapUNIFESP (SciELO)
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 908-914
- ISSN
- 0004-2730 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974496441
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, hypogonadism, pituitary hormone deficiency, hypothalamic-pituitary axis, neuroendocrine disorders, long-term outcomes, androgen deficiency, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Injuries, Humans, Hypogonadism, Pituitary Gland, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Young Adult
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