The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 29 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Kudzu (Pueraria montana) community responses to herbicides, burning, and high-density loblolly pine
Open accessAbstract
Kudzu is an aggressive, nonnative vine that currently dominates an estimated 810,000 ha of mesic forest communities in the eastern United States. To test an integrated method of weed control, abundances of kudzu and other plant species were compared during 4 yr after six herbicide treatments (clopyralid, triclopyr, metsulfuron, picloram + 2,4-D, tebuthiuron, and a nonsprayed check), in which loblolly pines were planted at three densities (0, 1, and 4 seedlings m−2) to induce competition and potentially delay kudzu recovery. This split-plot design was replicated on each of the four kudzu-dominated sites near Aiken, SC. Relative light intensity (RLI) and soil water content (SWC) were measured periodically to identify mechanisms of interference among plant species. Two years after treatment (1999), crown coverage of kudzu averaged < 2% in herbicide plots compared with 93% in the nonsprayed check, and these differences were maintained through 2001, except in clopyralid plots where kudzu cover increased to 15%. In 2001, pine interference was associated with 33, 56, and 67% reductions in biomass of kudzu, blackberry, and herbaceous vegetation, respectively. RLI in kudzu-dominated plots (4 to 15% of full sun) generally was less than half that of herbicide-treated plots. SWC was greatest in tebuthiuron plots, where total vegetation cover averaged 26% compared with 77 to 111% in other plots. None of the treatments eradicated kudzu, but combinations of herbicides and induced pine competition delayed its recovery.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Repeated herbicide treatments plus burning and high-density loblolly pine plantings reduced kudzu cover and biomass but did not eradicate it over 4 yr. Induced pine competition delayed kudzu recovery, with pine density from 0 to 4 seedlings m−2 associated with a 33% reduction in kudzu biomass by 2001.
Key findings
- In 1999, two years after initial treatment, kudzu crown cover averaged <2% in herbicide plots vs. 93% in the nonsprayed check; differences were maintained through 2001 except in clopyralid plots, where kudzu cover increased to 15%.
- In 2001, increasing loblolly pine density from 0 to 4 seedlings m−2 was associated with 33, 56, and 67% reductions in biomass of kudzu, blackberry, and herbaceous vegetation, respectively.
- Relative light intensity in kudzu-dominated plots was 4 to 15% of full sun, generally less than half that of herbicide-treated plots; soil water content was greatest in tebuthiuron plots, where total vegetation cover averaged 26% vs. 77 to 111% in other plots.
- None of the treatments eradicated kudzu; traces remained in 2001 (1 to 2% cover in triclopyr, metsulfuron, picloram, and tebuthiuron plots), and pine survival at study end was 8 to 9% in nonsprayed and tebuthiuron plots vs. 72 to 76% in other herbicide plots.
Methods
- Split-plot randomized complete block replicated at four kudzu-dominated sites near Aiken, SC, on the Savannah River Site; six herbicide whole plots (clopyralid, triclopyr, metsulfuron, picloram + 2,4-D, tebuthiuron, and nonsprayed check) and three pine densities (0, 1, and 4 seedlings m−2) as split plots.
- Herbicides were applied in July 1997, June 1998, and June 1999; sites were broadcast burned in December 1997; loblolly pines were planted in January 1998; paraquat was applied monthly to 1-m perimeter strips.
- Vegetation cover was estimated visually at 216 points, biomass was clipped and dried, relative light intensity was measured with a PAR ceptometer, soil water content was measured by time domain reflectometry, and data were analyzed with split-plot ANOVA plus linear regression for biomass/LAI predictions.
Limitations
- Stated: the study provided only a limited opportunity to test pine density effects on kudzu recovery because only the clopyralid treatment had significant kudzu cover growing in association with a dense loblolly pine canopy; the authors also note that traces remained and eventual kudzu recovery is likely.
- Evident: the experiment lasted 4 yr at four sites in one region, no treatment eradicated kudzu, and the 2001 pine-density effect on kudzu cover was not statistically significant (P = 0.123).
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
3 of 29 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although it thrives best under full-sunlight conditions, kudzu is considered to be moderately tolerant to shade (Fujita et al. 1993).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Fujita et al. 1993 source
The Discussion says kudzu was more tolerant of shading than the other legumes studied, and the Results report that its whole-plant weight increased under 55% shading. This supports the cited characterization of kudzu as moderately shade-tolerant. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In June 1998, kudzu cover in the clopyralid (9%) and triclopyr treatments (9%) was greater than in the picloram treatment (0%).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Kudzu Cover
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight weeks after the first herbicide treatment (August 1997), kudzu cover differed among the nonsprayed check (86%), the tebuthiuron treatment (25%), and the remaining herbicide treatments (0 to 2%).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Kudzu Cover
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“R LI in kudzu-dominated plots (4 to 15% of full sun) generally was less than half that of herbicide-treated plots.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“N one of the treatments eradicated kudzu, but combinations of herbicides and induced pine competition delayed its recovery.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“On the basis of historic aerial photographs, we concluded that each site was a former pasture or agricultural field before 1950 (USDA Forest Service-Savannah River, unpublished data).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Study Sites and Treatments
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites USDA Forest Service-Savannah River, unpublished data
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2001, pine interference was associated with 33, 56, and 67% reductions in biomass of kudzu, blackberry, and herbaceous vegetation, respectively.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SW C was greatest in tebuthiuron plots, where total vegetation cover averaged 26% compared with 77 to 111% in other plots.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2001, pine interference was associated with 33, 56, and 67% reductions in biomass of kudzu, blackberry, and herbaceous vegetation, respectively.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SW C was greatest in tebuthiuron plots, where total vegetation cover averaged 26% compared with 77 to 111% in other plots.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Leaf area index (LAI ) (square meters of leaf area per square meter of ground area) of kudzu can exceed 8 (Fujita et al. 1993), resulting in dense shade capable of absorbing almost all direct solar radiation incident on a given site.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Fujita et al. 1993 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Fig. 6 caption (Discussion; page unavailable) identifies LAI as a measure for kudzu, but the available text gives no LAI value. Searches for an LAI exceeding 8 found no supporting passage; the claim about absorbing almost all direct sunlight is likewise not reported in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“T he semiwoody roots of a single plant can have diameters of up to 30 cm and extend to depths of 3.7 m (M iller 1988;M iller and Edwards 1983), accounting for up to 40% of total plant biomass (Fujita et al. 1993) and providing considerable carbohydrate storage for recovery after disturbance.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miller 1988
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miller and Edwards 1983 source
- Supportedcites Fujita et al. 1993 source
The citation to Fujita et al. (1993) is attached to the claim that roots account for up to 40% of kudzu plant biomass, not to the root dimensions. The Experiment 1 dry-weight results (page not provided) state that kudzu root weight accounted for about 40% of whole-plant weight. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the time of study initiation each site comprised 0.4 to 0.8 ha of relatively uniform coverage of kudzu, occasionally occurring as a drape over scattered individual trees.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Study Sites and Treatments
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and these differences were maintained through 2001, except in clopyralid plots where kudzu cover increased to 15%.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At study termination (2001), pine cover ranged from 51 to 68% in the clopyralid, triclopyr, metsulfuron, and picloram plots, whereas it averaged 1 and 5% in the nonsprayed and tebuthiuron plots, respectively.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Loblolly Pine
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Planting density did not have a detectable influence on either survival (P Ն 0.208) or average size (P Ն 0.077) of pines.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Loblolly Pine
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pretreatment values of SLA and LAI were consistent with those reported for natural populations in Japan (Tsugawa et al. 1993).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Kudzu Leaf Area
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tsugawa et al. 1993 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Very few planted pines survived this treatment, and those that survived were severely stunted.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Treatment Implications for Kudzu-Dominated Communities
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clopyralid had no detectable phytotoxic effect on blackberry, but it caused a high degree of initial control of kudzu and forbs.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Treatment Implications for Kudzu-Dominated Communities
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In combination, total cover of these species averaged less than 3% for each of the measurement dates, and it did not vary among herbicide treatments, pine densities, or their interaction (P Ն 0.07).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Other Woody Species
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both herbicides eliminated common ragweed, although the species flourished in the metsulfuron and triclopyr treatments.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Herbaceous Vegetation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 1999, RLI was less in split plots with 4 than with 0 pine seedlings m Ϫ2 , whereas in 2001 it was less in the presence than in the absence of pine.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Light and Soil Water
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In August 2000 and 2001, kudzu cover increased in the clopyralid treatment, resulting in the following ranking: nonsprayed check Ͼ clopyralid Ͼ remaining herbicide treatments.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Kudzu Cover
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the duration of the study, pine cover was greater in stands planted with 4 than with 1 seedling m Ϫ2 , with absolute differences reaching their maximum in 2000.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Loblolly Pine
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forb cover in nonsprayed plots peaked at 25% in August 1998, before kudzu was able to reestablish its dominance after the December 1997 fire.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Herbaceous Vegetation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forb cover did not vary before the herbicide treatments, and it developed rapidly after herbicidal control of kudzu (Table 2).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Herbaceous Vegetation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, recovering kudzu vines in nonsprayed plots quickly encroached on and overtopped other plant species, reducing RLI to 15% in the first year of the study.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Treatment Implications for Kudzu-Dominated Communities
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, our field observations suggest that fully stocked stands of loblolly pine can prevent understory kudzu vines from growing upward and overtopping the trees.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“If the F test in the ANOVA indicated a significant interaction between herbicide treatment and pine density effects, interaction means were presented and multiple comparisons were conducted with Bonferroni-adjusted probabilities (SAS 1989).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites SAS 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the pine-planting half, two subplots (10 by 10 m and 5 by 5 m in dimension) were randomly located for high-density plantings of loblolly pine.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Study Sites and Treatments
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A sufficient number of kudzu leaf samples were collected to enable testing for SLA differences among sample years, herbicide treatments (1997 samples), and pine densities (1998 samples) and between the upper and lower layers of the kudzu canopy in nonsprayed plots (1999 samples).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Vegetation Responses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For each ANOVA, residuals were plotted against predicted values of the dependent variable to determine whether residual variances were relatively homogeneous.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Statistical Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each site (block) was divided into six plots of equal area (0.07 to 0.13 ha), and one herbicide treatment was randomly assigned to each (Table 1).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Study Sites and Treatments
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experimental design of the study was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement of treatments replicated four times, once at each site.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Study Sites and Treatments
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A logarithmic transformation was applied to improve normality of pine stem diameter and height.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Statistical Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“If the interaction F test was not significant but a main-effect F test was significant, main-effect means were presented and multiple comparisons were conducted with Tukey's test (SAS 1989).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites SAS 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Several herbicides are known to provide satisfactory control of kudzu; however, eradication often requires repeated applications for 3 yr or more (Miller 1986).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miller 1986
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“kudzu is considered one of the most invasive weed species in the United States, with an estimated coverage of 810,000 ha (C orley et al. 1997).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Corley et al. 1997 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Before ANOVA, an angular transformation was applied to improve normality of variables expressed as percentages (crown cover, pine survival, RLI, and SWC) (Sokal and Rohlf 1981).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sokal and Rohlf 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Forestry problems associated with aggressive vines such as kudzu include mortality of edge trees, exclusion of native plant species, and potential to increase ®re hazard during winter (Putz 1991).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Putz 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“One potential IWC approach is to combine a herbicide treatment with induced competition from an aggressive plant species or ''smother crop'' (Anderson 1983).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anderson 1983
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Because of the rapid elongation of its twining vines (up to 30 cm per day and 18 m per year) and the ability to overtop and kill other plant species (Everest et al. 1991), kudzu is considered one of the most invasive weed species in the United States, with an estimated coverage of 810,000 ha (C orley et al. 1997).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Everest et al. 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In each measurement year, RLI was greater in tebuthiuron plots than in other plots because this herbicide virtually eliminated all vegetation and maintained these conditions through its persistence in the soil (Ahrens 1994).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Light and Soil Water
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ahrens 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High-density plantings of pines had no impact on the structure of this community because the kudzu was able to overtop, suppress, and ultimately kill over 90% of planted seedlings.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Treatment Implications for Kudzu-Dominated Communities
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although first-year control of kudzu by tebuthiuron was weak because of delayed activity from this granular, soil-active herbicide, ultimately a high degree of kudzu control was achieved.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Treatment Implications for Kudzu-Dominated Communities
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study, disturbance characteristics of the treatments (e.g., effects of burning and differences in herbicide selectivity and persistence) and subsequent interference among dominant species resulted in the development of four distinctly different plant communities, including those dominated by kudzu (nonsprayed plots), blackberry (clopyralid plots), and forbs (triclopyr, metsulfuron, or picl”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Treatment Implications for Kudzu-Dominated Communities
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tebuthiuron strongly reduced overall vegetation abundance (26% vs. 77 to 111% total cover in the other treatments; Table 2), resulting in higher average values of SWC.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Light and Soil Water
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lower abundances of blackberry observed during this time in pine densities of 4 and 0 seedlings m Ϫ2 (vs. 1 seedling m Ϫ2 ) probably can be attributed to intense competition from planted pines and herbaceous species, respectively (cover responses described below).”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Blackberry
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In nonsprayed plots, burning stimulated vigorous sprouting of kudzu (65% cover 6 mo after burning), a brief flush of forbs, and eventual reclamation of all growing space by kudzu.”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Treatment Implications for Kudzu-Dominated Communities
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“low abundances of forbs in nonsprayed and tebuthiuron plots in the absence of pine, attributable to kudzu competition and residual herbicide effects, respectively”
§ K udzu (P ueraria montana) c ommunity res pons es to herbic ides , burning, and high-dens ity loblolly pine > Herbaceous Vegetation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
All kudzu crowns must be treated, or else the spread of surviving plants will reinfest the site.
“In addition, all kudzu crowns must be treated, or else the spread of surviving plants will reinfest the site.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Only the granular formulation of tebuthiuron was registered for the intended use.
“Only the granular formulation of tebuthiuron was registered for the intended use, and it was selected because of its ability to penetrate the dense canopy of kudzu.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Granular tebuthiuron can penetrate the dense canopy of kudzu.
“Only the granular formulation of tebuthiuron was registered for the intended use, and it was selected because of its ability to penetrate the dense canopy of kudzu.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Kudzu can recover from small residual traces (1-2% cover) remaining after herbicide treatment.
“Despite the high degree of kudzu control provided by repeated herbicide treatments, traces of the vine were present in the most effective treatments at study termination (1 to 2% cover in the triclopyr, metsulfuron, picloram, and tebuthiuron treatments in 2001), and eventual recovery of the species is therefore likely, especially near the nonsprayed check and perimeter of each study site.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The granular formulation of tebuthiuron is slower to be absorbed in the soil and taken up by the plant than the foliar-applied formulations of the other herbicides.
“First-year control of kudzu by tebuthiuron was probably limited because the granular formulation was slower to be absorbed in the soil and taken up by the plant than the foliar-applied formulations of the other herbicides.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Claimed 2000 forb-cover difference is not significant
MinorThe discussion presents greater forb cover in tebuthiuron than clopyralid plots at four pines per square meter as a treatment difference in 2000 and 2001. In the August 2000 row of Table 4, those means are 14 and 2, but both have the letter "a," which the table defines as no significant difference.
“(3) greater forb cover in tebuthiuron plots than in clopyralid plots at a pine density of four seedlings m Ϫ2”
“| | 4 | 4 a A | 2 a A | 6 a A | 2 a B | 10 a A | 14 a A |”
Citations
Cites
(1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 933
Forest Ecosystems, Concepts, and Management
Rosentreter, R., Waring, R. H., & Schlesinger, W. H. (1986) · Journal of Range Management · doi:10.2307/3899464 · Cited by 479
(1997) · Cited by 256
Singh, S. P. (1999) · Developments in plant breeding · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9211-6_1 · Cited by 196
(1983) · Cited by 169
(1999) · Cited by 125
VINE PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RELATIONSHIPS TO CLIMBING MECHANICS IN A FOREST UNDERSTORY
Carter, G. A., & Teramura, A. H. (1988) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb08808.x · Cited by 102
Silvicultural effects of lianas
Putz, F. E. (1992) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511897658.020 · Cited by 92
Kudzu [Pueraria lobata(Willd.) Ohwi]1
Mitich, L. W. (2000) · Weed Technology · doi:10.1614/0890-037x(2000)014[0231:kplwo]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 82
Kudzu: where did it come from? And how can we stop it?
Miller, J. H., & Edwards, B. (1983) · Southern Journal of Applied Forestry · doi:10.1093/sjaf/7.3.165 · Cited by 63
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 22 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Kline, 1994, Transline® herbicide, a new pine tolerant product for kudzu control, Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc, 47, 118
- 1989, SAS/STAT User's Guide. Version 6, Volume 2, 913
- Sokal, 1981, Biometry., 245
- Edwards, 1986, Forestry herbicide control of kudzu and Japanese honeysuckle in loblolly pine sites in central Georgia, Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc, 39, 272
- Ahrens, 1994, Herbicide Handbook., 66
- 10.2307/2443769 · DOI
- Bailey, 1939, Kudzu for Erosion Control in the Southeast, 31
- Rogers, 1990, Soil Survey of Savannah River Plant Area, Parts of Aiken, Barnwell, and Allendale Counties, South Carolina, 127
- Tsugawa, 1992, The climbing strategy of the kudzu-vine (Pueraria lobata Ohwi), Sci. Rep. Fac. Agric. Kobe Univ, 20, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
In vitro enzymatic modification of puerarin to puerarin glycosides by maltogenic amylase
Li, D., Park, S., Shim, J., et al. (2004) · Carbohydrate Research · doi:10.1016/j.carres.2004.09.017 · Cited by 83
Koirala, P., Seong, S. H., Jung, H. A., et al. (2017) · Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.10.018 · Cited by 51
“lobata) also known as kudzu, is a perennial vine native to Asia, primarily subtropical and temperate regions of China, Japan, and Korea, whose roots can account for up to 40% of the total plant biomass [5,6].”
BackgroundSun, J., Liu, Z., Britton, K. O., et al. (2005) · Biological Control · doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.09.007 · Cited by 41
“Although modern herbicides eVectively kill kudzu (Harrington et al., 2003; Thomas, 2000), substantial and sustained eVort is required, because anything short of complete eradication will allow rapid reinfestation (Mississippi State University, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialLindgren, C., Castro, K. L., Coiner, H. A., Nurse, R. E., & Darbyshire, S. J. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Plant Science · doi:10.4141/cjps2012-128 · Cited by 38
Berisford, Y. C., Bush, P. B., & Taylor, J. W. (2006) · Weed Science · doi:10.1614/ws-04-094r2.1 · Cited by 30
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Harrington, T. B., Rader-Dixon, L. T., & Taylor, J. W.
- Affiliations
- US Forest Service (US)
- Venue
- Weed Science
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 965-974
- ISSN
- 0043-1745 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-2759
- OpenAlex
- W1934987778
- Semantic Scholar
- 5ae439c6c191283abba6a5c6775d398fc67d0fe2
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.osti.gov
- Locations
- Weed Science (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) (submittedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- U.S. Forest Service
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Biological Control of Invasive Species
- Keywords
- Pueraria lobata, herbicide application, clopyralid, triclopyr, metsulfuron-methyl, picloram, tebuthiuron, Pinus taeda, high-density planting, weed competition, relative light intensity, soil moisture, integrated weed management, blackberry, mesic forest
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-20, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-20 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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